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frist Django app— 二、 Model和管理界面

2016-07-10 22:36 597 查看
Django是符合MVC架构的,这里现学习M—Model,而且Django自带了一个管理model(数据库)的界面,所以一并学习。

Database 配置

编辑Django的配置文件settings.py进行配置

添加polls app,修改后如下

INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',      # 管理界面
'django.contrib.auth',       # 认证系统
'django.contrib.contenttypes',  # 框架的content type
'django.contrib.sessions',     # session framework
'django.contrib.messages',     # messages framework
'django.contrib.staticfiles',   # 管理静态文件的framework
'polls.apps.PollsConfig',      # 我们自己的app
]


最后一行位新添加的,表示新增一个app,类polls.apps.PoolsConfig定义了app,名称为“polls”(可以打开这个类看到)。

还可以看到很多其他的app,我们之前说过,一个project可以有多个app,一个app可以属于多个project,这个的实现方式就是这样,每个app都位于不同的包下面,如果一个project想包含一个app,只需要把这个app的包的配置写在这儿就可以了。

接下来配置数据库,修改完之后如下

DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
'NAME': 'polls.db',
}
}


Django支持大多数主流的数据库,包括postgresql,mysql,sqlite等,这里为了简单就直接用sqlite,如果使用mysql应该配置成如下(其他类似)

DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME': 'django',
'USER': 'root',
'PASSWORD': 'root',
'HOST': 'localhost',
'PORT': '3306',
}
}


数据库至此配置完成,接下来就是创建model

创建model

编辑mysite/polls/models.py

from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.
class Question(models.Model):
   # CharField:字段是字符串类型,有一个必要参数——字符串长度
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
   # DateField:字段是日期类型
publ_date = models.DateField('date published')

def __unicode__(self):
return self.question_text

class Choice(models.Model):
   # question作为choice的外键,这里是多对一关系,删除的时候进行级联,Django还支持:many-to-one, many-to-many, and one-to-one.
question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)

def __unicode__(self):
return self.choice_text


每个model继承自models.Model,会继承一些常用的操作方法。每个class对应的属性都对应数据库中表中的字段——这也就是ORM

生成数据库表结构

# 告诉Django model改变了,并且保存为一个migration
python manage.py makemigrations


运行该命令,输出如下内容,并在pools/migrations下生成0001_initial.py

Migrations for 'polls':
0001_initial.py:
- Create model Choice
- Create model Question
- Add field question to choice


我们可以看看Django根据这个migration会怎么生成表结构运行

# 0001 为之前生成的0001_initial.py的前缀,表示第一个版本的migration
python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001


输出

# 这里用的是ipython,进入django命令行
python manage.py shell
Python 2.7.9 (default, Mar  1 2015, 18:22:53)
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

IPython 2.3.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
?         -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
%quickref -> Quick reference.
help      -> Python's own help system.
object?   -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.
# 导入model
In [2]: from polls.models import Choice, Question
# 查看所有的question对象
In [3]: Question.objects.all()
Out[3]: [<Question: what`s up?>]
# 获取id为0的对象,没有id为0的对象,所以会报错
In [5]: Question.objects.get(id=0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DoesNotExist                              Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-bd4c3a1273f2> in <module>()
----> 1 Question.objects.get(id=0)

/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.9.7-py2.7.egg/django/db/models/manager.pyc in manager_method(self, *args, **kwargs)
120         def create_method(name, method):
121             def manager_method(self, *args, **kwargs):
--> 122                 return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
123             manager_method.__name__ = method.__name__
124             manager_method.__doc__ = method.__doc__

/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/Django-1.9.7-py2.7.egg/django/db/models/query.pyc in get(self, *args, **kwargs)
385             raise self.model.DoesNotExist(
386                 "%s matching query does not exist." %
--> 387                 self.model._meta.object_name
388             )
389         raise self.model.MultipleObjectsReturned(

DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist.
# 获取id为1的对象
In [6]: Question.objects.get(id=1)
Out[6]: <Question: what`s up?>

In [7]: q = Question.objects.get(id=1)
# 删除该对象
In [8]: q.delete()
Out[8]: (4, {u'polls.Choice': 3, u'polls.Question': 1})
# 查看发现已经删除
In [9]: Question.objects.all()
Out[9]: []

In [11]: from django.utils import timezone
# 新建一个对象
In [13]:  q = Question(question_text="What's new?", publ_date=timezone.now())
# 保存到数据库
In [15]: q.save()
# 保存到数据库之后Django自动生成了id,只有在save之后才有
In [16]: q.id
Out[16]: 2
# 查看字段值
In [17]: q.question_text
Out[17]: "What's new?"

In [18]: q.publ_date
Out[18]: datetime.datetime(2016, 7, 10, 13, 12, 40, 146050, tzinfo=<UTC>)

In [19]: q.question_text = "What's up?"

In [20]: q.save()

In [22]: q
Out[22]: <Question: What's up?>

In [23]: Question.objects.all()
Out[23]: [<Question: What's up?>]

In [24]:  Question.objects.filter(id=1)
Out[24]: []
# 使用filter查询
In [25]:  Question.objects.filter(id=2)
Out[25]: [<Question: What's up?>]

In [26]: Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='What')
Out[26]: [<Question: What's up?>]

In [29]:  Question.objects.get(publ_date__year=timezone.now().year)
Out[29]: <Question: What's up?>
# 查看question关联的choice
In [30]: q.choice_set.all()
Out[30]: []
# 新建一个choice关联到question
In [31]: q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0)
Out[31]: <Choice: Not much>

In [32]: q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0)
Out[32]: <Choice: The sky>

In [33]: c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking again', votes=0)
# 查看choice对应的question
In [34]: c.question
Out[34]: <Question: What's up?>

In [35]: q.choice_set.all()
Out[35]: [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking again>]

In [36]: q.choice_set.count()
Out[36]: 3


View Code
Django提供了很多API来操作model,包括新建、更新、删除、关联、从一个对象查询关联的对象等等,除此之外Django还提供了web界面对model进行管理。

Django Admin

使用以下命令依次输入用户名、邮箱(注意邮箱)、密码(8位以上的字母数字组成)

python manage.py createsuperuser


访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/登陆,可以看到管理界面,但是现在并没有mode,接下来注册model

编辑polls/admin.py

from django.contrib import admin
from polls.models import Choice, Question

# Register your models here.
admin.site.register(Choice)
admin.site.register(Question)


再次登陆就可以看到model:Choice,Question,可以在界面上增删改查,so easy



代码位置

http://pan.baidu.com/s/1dFshtXB
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