平面设计中的构图基础

This article on basics of composition for graphic designers and photographers. In any form of art works a correct layout plays a key role, it is the most accurate method to convey the idea of this product. It means – to highlight the key storylines, to convey mood and to comply the harmony. Composition (from the Latin compositio) and is a combination of these elements into a coherent whole. The same composition may be called the work itself.

本文为平面设计师和摄影师提供构图基础。 在任何形式的艺术品中，正确的布局都至关重要，这是传达此产品创意的最准确方法。 这意味着–突出关键的故事情节，传达情绪并保持和谐。 组成(来自拉丁文合成词)，是将这些元素组合成一个连贯的整体。 相同的作品可以称为作品本身。

设计中的组成基础。 什么成分？ (Basics of composition in the design. What is the composition?)

Intuitive notion of composition is present (in varying degrees) in everyone of us. Otherwise, it would have no meaning. In general, people have a similar perception of harmony, integrity, unity ..

在我们每个人中(不同程度地)都存在着构成的直觉概念。 否则，它将没有任何意义。 总的来说，人们对和谐，正直，统一的看法相似。

Composition in the design, the composition of the picture, the composition in painting, composition in photography – is inseparable concepts. The composition of music and composition in the literature also have a lot in common with the above, but the means of achieving other.

设计中的构图，图片的构图，绘画中的构图，摄影中的构图是密不可分的概念。 音乐的创作和文学作品的创作也与上述有很多共同之处，但是实现其他目的的手段。

Artists pay special attention to finding the most expressive compositional schemes. People have been creating various works (including work of art) with a variety of compositional decisions for many centuries. However, in our article about the basics of composition, we will not consider the complex works of art.

艺术家特别注意寻找最具表现力的构图方案。 许多世纪以来，人们一直在创作各种具有各种构图决定的作品(包括艺术品)。 但是，在有关构图基础的文章中，我们不会考虑复杂的艺术品。

Any object can be easily fit into one of three basic shapes: rectangle, triangle, ellipse. So we will work with these.

任何对象都可以轻松地放入以下三种基本形状之一：矩形，三角形，椭圆形。 因此，我们将与他们合作。

Composition itself we be considered as the correct arrangement of elements of the picture, based on the study of human perception of visual information.

基于对人类视觉信息感知的研究，构图本身被认为是图片元素的正确排列。

We will discuss the basics of composition in the design, fine art and photography.

我们将讨论设计，美术和摄影中的构图基础。

几何和构图中心，构图中心的荧光笔工具，构图计划 (Geometric and compositional centers, highlighter tools of the compositional center, planning of the composition)

We build the composition on the plane. Whether it’s picture, a piece of paper or a computer monitor. If we draw two diagonal lines through this plane, the intersection point shows the geometric center of the composition.

我们在飞机上建立构图。 无论是图片，纸还是计算机显示器。 如果我们在该平面上绘制两条对角线，则交点将显示合成的几何中心。

Any object that is inscribed in the center, will feel quite confident.

中间刻有任何物体，都会感到很有信心。

Composite center is used to focus the viewer’s attention on the details of the composition. In photography, painting and drawing, as a rule, we allocate subject-composite plot centers. That means, that the main subject of the work is in the composite center. In advertising, the selection of the composite center may be useful to draw attention to the potential buyer to an interesting information. This may be text or an image.

复合中心用于将观众的注意力集中在构图的细节上。 通常，在摄影，绘画和素描中，我们分配主题组合的绘图中心。 这意味着，作品的主要主题在复合中心。 在广告中，选择复合中心可能有助于吸引潜在买家注意有趣的信息。 这可以是文本或图像。

The compositional center and the geometric center of the composition may not be the same.

构图中心和构图的几何中心可能不相同。

There may be several compositional points in the composition, while the geometrical center is only one.

合成中可能有几个合成点，而几何中心仅是一个。

Composite center can be highlight with:

复合中心可以通过以下方式突出显示：

• contrast of light and shadow
  光影对比
• contrast color
  对比色
• size
  尺寸
• form
  形成

In classical art, as a rule, subject-composite center is depicted at the background. Foreground acts as a kind introduction, an invitation to take a look at the main event. In the background is the entire contents of the work, and the third continues the main idea, the background, where the action takes.

通常，在古典艺术中，背景为主题复合中心。 前景是一种引人入胜的介绍，它是邀请参观主要活动的邀请。 背景是工作的全部内容，第三个是主要思想，即采取行动的背景。

基本概念和组成规则 (Basic concepts and rules of composition)

组成中的对角线 (Diagonal lines in the composition)

Graph on the left indicates growth. Graph on the right is a fall. It so happened. And, accordingly, in composition, diagonal line from the lower left corner to the upper right is perceived better than the line drawn from the upper-left corner to the lower right.

左侧的图表示增长。 右边的图是一个下降。 就是这样 并且因此，在构图上，从左下角到右上的对角线比从左上角到右下的线更好。

封闭和开放组成 (Closed and open composition)

In a closed composition, the main directions of the lines tend to the center. Such a composition suitable to depict something stable, immobile.

在闭合构图中，线的主要方向趋向于中心。 这种构图适合描绘稳定的，静止的东西。

Elements do not aim beyond the plane, but they are closing in the center of the composition. A view from any point of the composition strives for this center. To achieve this, you can use a compact layout in the center of the composition, framing. Arrangement of elements (in the image – geometric shapes) so that they all point to the center of the composition.

元素不瞄准平面外，但在合成的中心闭合。 从构图的任何角度来看，都在争取这个中心。 为此，您可以在构图的中心(框架)中使用紧凑的布局。 元素的排列(在图像中为几何形状)，以便它们都指向构图的中心。

Open composition, in which the directions of the lines coming from the center, giving us the opportunity to continue (mentally) the picture and take it beyond the plane. It is suitable for the transfer of open space and movement.

开放式构图，其中线条的方向从中心出来，这使我们有机会继续(精神上)将图片移到平面之外。 它适用于开放空间和运动的转移。

中庸之道 (Golden Mean)

Different arrangement of the elements in the plane can create a harmonious or inharmonious image. Harmony – the intuitive feeling and the concept of the right position of elements. However, there are several rules that are not intuitive.

元素在平面中的不同布置可以创建和谐或不和谐的图像。 和谐–元素的直观感觉和正确位置的概念。 但是，存在一些不直观的规则。

Location of simple geometric shapes in the image on the left looks much more harmonious. But why?

左侧图像中简单几何形状的位置看起来更加和谐。 但为什么？

Harmony – is consistency. A whole, in which all the elements complement each other. A single mechanism

和谐–就是一致性。 一个整体，其中所有元素相互补充。 单一机制

The largest such mechanism – this world around us, in which all the elements are interrelated – the animals breathe air, oxygen consumption, exhale carbon dioxide, plants use its carbon and energy from the sun for photosynthesis, returning oxygen. Some animals feed on these plants, the other controlling the amount of feed on plants, eating them, thus saving the plant, the water evaporates to fall rainfall and replenish rivers, oceans, and so on ..

这种最大的机制-我们周围的世界，其中所有要素都是相互关联的-动物呼吸空气，消耗氧气，呼出二氧化碳，植物利用其碳和太阳光中的能量进行光合作用，从而返回氧气。 一些动物以这些植物为食，另一些动物控制植物的食量，食用它们，从而节省了植物，水蒸发掉了降雨并补充了河流，海洋等。

Nothing is more harmonious than nature itself. Therefore, understanding and harmony comes to us from her. And in the nature of a huge amount of visual images is subject to two rules: symmetry and the rule of the golden section.

没有什么比大自然本身更和谐。 因此，理解和和谐来自于她。 在本质上，大量的视觉图像要服从两个规则：对称和黄金分割规则。

What is symmetry, I think, you know. And what is the golden section?

我想，对称是什么？ 什么是黄金分割？

Golden Section can be obtained, if we divide the segment into two unequal parts in such a way that the ratio of the whole segment for the most part equal to the ratio of a large part of the segment to a smaller. It looks like this:

如果我们将分段分为两个不相等的部分，使得整个分段的大部分比例等于分段的较大部分与较小部分的比率，则可以获得黄金分割。 看起来像这样：

Portions of this segment are approximately equal 5/8 and 3/8 of the total segment. That is, according to the rule of the golden section in image, the visual centers of the image will be located as follows:

该段的部分大约等于总段的5/8和3/8。 也就是说，根据图像中黄金分割的规则，图像的视觉中心将位于以下位置：

三分法则 (Rule of Thirds)

This figure is not met the golden selection, however it creates a sense of harmony.

这个数字不符合黄金选择，但是却营造出一种和谐感。

If we divide the plane on which are our geometric shapes into nine equal parts, we see that the elements are located at the intersection of dividing lines and the horizontal band coincides with the bottom dividing line. In this case, the rule of three thirds works. This is a simplified version of the rule of the golden section.

如果将几何形状所在的平面划分为九个相等的部分，则会看到元素位于分隔线的交点处，并且水平带与底部分隔线重合。 在这种情况下，三分之三的规则有效。 这是黄金分割法则的简化版本。

to be continued

未完待续

翻译自: https://www.script-tutorials.com/basics-of-composition-in-graphic-design/