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Java面试题集(136-150)

2017-09-21 09:15 337 查看
136、给出下面的二叉树先序、中序、后序遍历的序列?





答:先序序列:ABDEGHCF;中序序列:DBGEHACF;后序序列:DGHEBFCA。
补充:二叉树也称为二分树,它是树形结构的一种,其特点是每个结点至多有二棵子树,并且二叉树的子树有左右之分,其次序不能任意颠倒。二叉树的遍历序列按照访问根节点的顺序分为先序(先访问根节点,接下来先序访问左子树,再先序访问右子树)、中序(先中序访问左子树,然后访问根节点,最后中序访问右子树)和后序(先后序访问左子树,再后序访问右子树,最后访问根节点)。如果知道一棵二叉树的先序和中序序列或者中序和后序序列,那么也可以还原出该二叉树。
例如,已知二叉树的先序序列为:xefdzmhqsk,中序序列为:fezdmxqhks,那么还原出该二叉树应该如下图所示:



137、你知道的排序算法都哪些?用Java写一个排序系统。
答:稳定的排序算法有:插入排序、选择排序、冒泡排序、鸡尾酒排序、归并排序、二叉树排序、基数排序等;不稳定排序算法包括:希尔排序、堆排序、快速排序等。
下面是关于排序算法的一个列表:



下面按照策略模式给出一个排序系统,实现了冒泡、归并和快速排序。

Sorter.java

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<
20000
span style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:none; color:black; background-color:inherit">package com.jackfrued.util;

import java.util.Comparator;

/**

* 排序器接口(策略模式: 将算法封装到具有共同接口的独立的类中使得它们可以相互替换)

* @author骆昊

*

*/

public interface Sorter {

/**

* 排序

* @param list 待排序的数组

*/

public <T extends Comparable<T>> void sort(T[] list);

/**

* 排序

* @param list 待排序的数组

* @param comp 比较两个对象的比较器

*/

public <T> void sort(T[] list, Comparator<T> comp);

}

BubbleSorter.java

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package com.jackfrued.util;

import java.util.Comparator;

/**

* 冒泡排序

* @author骆昊

*

*/

public class BubbleSorter implements Sorter {

@Override

public <T extends Comparable<T>> void sort(T[] list) {

boolean swapped = true;

for(int i = 1; i < list.length && swapped;i++) {

swapped= false;

for(int j = 0; j < list.length - i; j++) {

if(list[j].compareTo(list[j+ 1]) > 0 ) {

T temp = list[j];

list[j]= list[j + 1];

list[j+ 1] = temp;

swapped= true;

}

}

}

}

@Override

public <T> void sort(T[] list,Comparator<T> comp) {

boolean swapped = true;

for(int i = 1; i < list.length && swapped; i++) {

swapped = false;

for(int j = 0; j < list.length - i; j++) {

if(comp.compare(list[j], list[j + 1]) > 0 ) {

T temp = list[j];

list[j]= list[j + 1];

list[j+ 1] = temp;

swapped= true;

}

}

}

}

}

MergeSorter.java

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package com.jackfrued.util;

import java.util.Comparator;

/**

* 归并排序

* 归并排序是建立在归并操作上的一种有效的排序算法。

* 该算法是采用分治法(divide-and-conquer)的一个非常典型的应用,

* 先将待排序的序列划分成一个一个的元素,再进行两两归并,

* 在归并的过程中保持归并之后的序列仍然有序。

* @author骆昊

*

*/

public class MergeSorter implements Sorter {

@Override

public <T extends Comparable<T>> void sort(T[] list) {

T[] temp = (T[]) new Comparable[list.length];

mSort(list,temp, 0, list.length- 1);

}

private <T extends Comparable<T>> void mSort(T[] list, T[] temp, int low, int high) {

if(low == high) {

return ;

}

else {

int mid = low + ((high -low) >> 1);

mSort(list,temp, low, mid);

mSort(list,temp, mid + 1, high);

merge(list,temp, low, mid + 1, high);

}

}

private <T extends Comparable<T>> void merge(T[] list, T[] temp, int left, int right, int last) {

int j = 0;

int lowIndex = left;

int mid = right - 1;

int n = last - lowIndex + 1;

while (left <= mid && right <= last){

if (list[left].compareTo(list[right]) < 0){

temp[j++] = list[left++];

} else {

temp[j++] = list[right++];

}

}

while (left <= mid) {

temp[j++] = list[left++];

}

while (right <= last) {

temp[j++] = list[right++];

}

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {

list[lowIndex + j] = temp[j];

}

}

@Override

public <T> void sort(T[] list, Comparator<T> comp) {

T[]temp = (T[])new Comparable[list.length];

mSort(list,temp, 0, list.length- 1, comp);

}

private <T> void mSort(T[] list, T[] temp, int low, int high, Comparator<T> comp) {

if(low == high) {

return ;

}

else {

int mid = low + ((high -low) >> 1);

mSort(list,temp, low, mid, comp);

mSort(list,temp, mid + 1, high, comp);

merge(list,temp, low, mid + 1, high, comp);

}

}

private <T> void merge(T[] list, T[]temp, int left, int right, int last, Comparator<T> comp) {

int j = 0;

int lowIndex = left;

int mid = right - 1;

int n = last - lowIndex + 1;

while (left <= mid && right <= last){

if (comp.compare(list[left], list[right]) <0) {

temp[j++] = list[left++];

} else {

temp[j++] = list[right++];

}

}

while (left <= mid) {

temp[j++] = list[left++];

}

while (right <= last) {

temp[j++] = list[right++];

}

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {

list[lowIndex + j] = temp[j];

}

}

}

QuickSorter.java

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package com.jackfrued.util;

import java.util.Comparator;

/**

* 快速排序

* 快速排序是使用分治法(divide-and-conquer)依选定的枢轴

* 将待排序序列划分成两个子序列,其中一个子序列的元素都小于枢轴,

* 另一个子序列的元素都大于或等于枢轴,然后对子序列重复上面的方法,

* 直到子序列中只有一个元素为止

* @author Hao

*

*/

public class QuickSorter implements Sorter {

@Override

public <T extends Comparable<T>> void sort(T[] list) {

quickSort(list, 0, list.length- 1);

}

@Override

public <T> void sort(T[] list, Comparator<T> comp) {

quickSort(list, 0, list.length- 1, comp);

}

private <T extends Comparable<T>> void quickSort(T[] list, int first, int last) {

if (last > first) {

int pivotIndex = partition(list, first, last);

quickSort(list, first, pivotIndex - 1);

quickSort(list, pivotIndex, last);

}

}

private <T> void quickSort(T[] list, int first, int last,Comparator<T> comp) {

if (last > first) {

int pivotIndex = partition(list, first, last, comp);

quickSort(list, first, pivotIndex - 1, comp);

quickSort(list, pivotIndex, last, comp);

}

}

private <T extends Comparable<T>> int partition(T[] list, int first, int last) {

T pivot = list[first];

int low = first + 1;

int high = last;

while (high > low) {

while (low <= high && list[low].compareTo(pivot) <= 0) {

low++;

}

while (low <= high && list[high].compareTo(pivot) >= 0) {

high--;

}

if (high > low) {

T temp = list[high];

list[high]= list[low];

list[low]= temp;

}

}

while (high > first&& list[high].compareTo(pivot) >= 0) {

high--;

}

if (pivot.compareTo(list[high])> 0) {

list[first]= list[high];

list[high]= pivot;

return high;

}

else {

return low;

}

}

private <T> int partition(T[] list, int first, int last, Comparator<T> comp) {

T pivot = list[first];

int low = first + 1;

int high = last;

while (high > low) {

while (low <= high&& comp.compare(list[low], pivot) <= 0) {

low++;

}

while (low <= high&& comp.compare(list[high], pivot) >= 0) {

high--;

}

if (high > low) {

T temp = list[high];

list[high] = list[low];

list[low]= temp;

}

}

while (high > first&& comp.compare(list[high], pivot) >= 0) {

high--;

}

if (comp.compare(pivot,list[high]) > 0) {

list[first]= list[high];

list[high]= pivot;

return high;

}

else {

return low;

}

}

}

138、写一个二分查找(折半搜索)的算法。
答:折半搜索,也称二分查找算法、二分搜索,是一种在有序数组中查找某一特定元素的搜索算法。搜素过程从数组的中间元素开始,如果中间元素正好是要查找的元素,则搜素过程结束;如果某一特定元素大于或者小于中间元素,则在数组大于或小于中间元素的那一半中查找,而且跟开始一样从中间元素开始比较。如果在某一步骤数组为空,则代表找不到。这种搜索算法每一次比较都使搜索范围缩小一半。

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package com.jackfrued.util;

import java.util.Comparator;

public class MyUtil {

public static <T extends Comparable<T>> int binarySearch(T[] x, T key) {

return binarySearch(x, 0, x.length- 1, key);

}

public static <T> int binarySearch(T[] x, T key, Comparator<T> comp) {

int low = 0;

int high = x.length - 1;

while (low <= high) {

int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;

int cmp = comp.compare(x[mid], key);

if (cmp < 0) {

low = mid + 1;

}

else if (cmp > 0) {

high = mid - 1;

}

else {

return mid;

}

}

return -1;

}

private static <T extends Comparable<T>> int binarySearch(T[] x, int low, int high, T key) {

if(low <= high) {

int mid = low + ((high -low) >> 1);

if(key.compareTo(x[mid]) == 0) {

return mid;

}

else if(key.compareTo(x[mid])< 0) {

return binarySearch(x,l ow, mid - 1, key);

}

else {

return binarySearch(x, mid + 1, high, key);

}

}

return -1;

}

}

说明:两个版本一个用递归实现,一个用循环实现。需要注意的是计算中间位置时不应该使用(high+ low) / 2的方式,因为加法运算可能导致整数越界,这里应该使用一下三种方式之一:low+ (high – low) / 2或low + (high – low) >> 1或(low + high) >>> 1(注:>>>是逻辑右移,不带符号位的右移)

139、统计一篇英文文章中单词个数。
答:

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import java.io.FileReader;

public class WordCounting {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try(FileReader fr = new FileReader("a.txt")) {

int counter = 0;

boolean state = false;

int currentChar;

while((currentChar= fr.read()) != -1) {

if(currentChar== ' ' || currentChar == '\n'

|| currentChar == '\t' || currentChar == '\r') {

state = false;

}

else if(!state) {

state = true;

counter++;

}

}

System.out.println(counter);

}

catch(Exceptione) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

}

补充:这个程序可能有很多种写法,这里选择的是Dennis M. Ritchie和Brian W. Kernighan老师在他们不朽的著作《The C Programming Language》中给出的代码,向两位老师致敬。下面的代码也是如此。

140、输入年月日,计算该日期是这一年的第几天。
答:

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import java.util.Scanner;

public class DayCounting {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[][] data = {

{31,28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31},

{31,29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}

};

Scanner sc = newScanner(System.in);

System.out.print("请输入年月日(1980 11 28): ");

int year = sc.nextInt();

int month = sc.nextInt();

int date = sc.nextInt();

int[] daysOfMonth = data[(year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0)?1 : 0];

int sum = 0;

for(int i = 0; i < month -1; i++) {

sum += daysOfMonth[i];

}

sum += date;

System.out.println(sum);

sc.close();

}

}

141、约瑟夫环:15个基督教徒和15个非教徒在海上遇险,必须将其中一半的人投入海中,其余的人才能幸免于难,于是30个人围成一圈,从某一个人开始从1报数,报到9的人就扔进大海,他后面的人继续从1开始报数,重复上面的规则,直到剩下15个人为止。结果由于上帝的保佑,15个基督教徒最后都幸免于难,问原来这些人是怎么排列的,哪些位置是基督教徒,哪些位置是非教徒。
答:

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public class Josephu {

private static final int DEAD_NUM = 9;

public static void main(String[] args) {

boolean[] persons = new boolean[30];

for(int i = 0; i < persons.length; i++) {

persons[i] = true;

}

int counter = 0;

int claimNumber = 0;

int index = 0;

while(counter < 15) {

if(persons[index]) {

claimNumber++;

if(claimNumber == DEAD_NUM) {

counter++;

claimNumber= 0;

persons[index]= false;

}

}

index++;

if(index >= persons.length) {

index= 0;

}

}

for(boolean p : persons) {

if(p) {

System.out.print("基");

}

else {

System.out.print("非");

}

}

}

}

142、回文素数:所谓回文数就是顺着读和倒着读一样的数(例如:11,121,1991…),回文素数就是既是回文数又是素数(只能被1和自身整除的数)的数。编程找出11~9999之间的回文素数。
答:

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public class PalindromicPrimeNumber {

public static void main(String[] args) {

for(int i = 11; i <= 9999; i++) {

if(isPrime(i) && isPalindromic(i)) {

System.out.println(i);

}

}

}

public static boolean isPrime(int n) {

for(int i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i++) {

if(n % i == 0) {

return false;

}

}

return true;

}

public static boolean isPalindromic(int n) {

int temp = n;

int sum = 0;

while(temp > 0) {

sum= sum * 10 + temp % 10;

temp/= 10;

}

return sum == n;

}

}

143、全排列:给出五个数字12345的所有排列。
答:

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public class FullPermutation {

public static void perm(int[] list) {

perm(list,0);

}

private static void perm(int[] list, int k) {

if (k == list.length) {

for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {

System.out.print(list[i]);

}

System.out.println();

}else{

for (int i = k; i < list.length; i++) {

swap(list, k, i);

perm(list, k + 1);

swap(list, k, i);

}

}

}

private static void swap(int[] list, int pos1, int pos2) {

int temp = list[pos1];

list[pos1] = list[pos2];

list[pos2] = temp;

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] x = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

perm(x);

}

}

144、对于一个有N个整数元素的一维数组,找出它的子数组(数组中下标连续的元素组成的数组)之和的最大值。

答:下面给出几个例子(最大子数组用粗体表示):
1) 数组:{ 1, -2, 3,5, -3, 2 },结果是:8
2) 数组:{ 0, -2, 3, 5, -1, 2 },结果是:9
3) 数组:{ -9, -2,-3, -5, -3 },结果是:-2
可以使用动态规划的思想求解:

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public class MaxSum {

private static int max(int x, int y) {

return x > y? x: y;

}

public static int maxSum(int[] array) {

int n = array.length;

int[] start = new int
;

int[] all = new int
;

all[n - 1] = start[n - 1] = array[n - 1];

for(int i = n - 2; i >= 0;i--) {

start[i] = max(array[i], array[i] + start[i + 1]);

all[i] = max(start[i], all[i + 1]);

}

return all[0];

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] x1 = { 1, -2, 3, 5,-3, 2 };

int[] x2 = { 0, -2, 3, 5,-1, 2 };

int[] x3 = { -9, -2, -3,-5, -3 };

System.out.println(maxSum(x1)); // 8

System.out.println(maxSum(x2)); // 9

System.out.println(maxSum(x3)); //-2

}

}

145、用递归实现字符串倒转
答:

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public class StringReverse {

public static String reverse(String originStr) {

if(originStr == null || originStr.length()== 1) {

return originStr;

}

return reverse(originStr.substring(1))+ originStr.charAt(0);

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println(reverse("hello"));

}

}

146、输入一个正整数,将其分解为素数的乘积。

答:

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public class DecomposeInteger {

private static List<Integer> list = newArrayList<Integer>();

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.print("请输入一个数: ");

Scanner sc = newScanner(System.in);

int n = sc.nextInt();

decomposeNumber(n);

System.out.print(n + " = ");

for(int i = 0; i < list.size() - 1; i++) {

System.out.print(list.get(i) + " * ");

}

System.out.println(list.get(list.size() - 1));

}

public static void decomposeNumber(int n) {

if(isPrime(n)) {

list.add(n);

list.add(1);

}

else {

doIt(n, (int)Math.sqrt(n));

}

}

public static void doIt(int n, int div) {

if(isPrime(div) && n % div == 0) {

list.add(div);

decomposeNumber(n / div);

}

else {

doIt(n, div - 1);

}

}

public static boolean isPrime(int n) {

for(int i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(n);i++) {

if(n % i == 0) {

return false;

}

}

return true;

}

}

147、一个有n级的台阶,一次可以走1级、2级或3级,问走完n级台阶有多少种走法。
答:可以通过递归求解。

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public class GoSteps {

public static int countWays(int n) {

if(n < 0) {

return 0;

}

else if(n == 0) {

return 1;

}

else {

return countWays(n - 1) + countWays(n - 2) + countWays(n -3);

}

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println(countWays(5)); // 13

}

}

148、写一个算法判断一个英文单词的所有字母是否全都不同(不区分大小写)。
答:

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public class AllNotTheSame {

public static boolean judge(String str) {

String temp = str.toLowerCase();

int[] letterCounter = new int[26];

for(int i = 0; i <temp.length(); i++) {

int index = temp.charAt(i)- 'a';

letterCounter[index]++;

if(letterCounter[index] > 1) {

return false;

}

}

return true;

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println(judge("hello"));

System.out.print(judge("smile"));

}

}

149、有一个已经排好序的整数数组,其中存在重复元素,请将重复元素删除掉,例如,A= [1, 1, 2, 2, 3],处理之后的数组应当为A= [1, 2, 3]。
答:

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import java.util.Arrays;

public class RemoveDuplication {

public static int[] removeDuplicates(int a[]) {

if(a.length <= 1) {

return a;

}

int index = 0;

for(int i = 1; i < a.length; i++) {

if(a[index] != a[i]) {

a[++index] = a[i];

}

}

int[] b = new int[index + 1];

System.arraycopy(a, 0, b, 0, b.length);

return b;

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] a = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3};

a = removeDuplicates(a);

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));

}

}

150、给一个数组,其中有一个重复元素占半数以上,找出这个元素。
答:

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public class FindMost {

public static <T> T find(T[] x){

T temp = null;

for(int i = 0, nTimes = 0; i< x.length;i++) {

if(nTimes == 0) {

temp= x[i];

nTimes= 1;

}

else {

if(x[i].equals(temp)) {

nTimes++;

}

else {

nTimes--;

}

}

}

return temp;

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

String[]strs = {"hello","kiss","hello","hello","maybe"};

System.out.println(find(strs));

}

}
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