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Java并发包之同步队列SynchronousQueue理解

2017-08-13 09:23 274 查看

1 简介

SynchronousQueue是这样一种阻塞队列,其中每个put必须等待一个take,反之亦然。同步队列没有任何内部容量,甚至连一个队列的容量都没有。不能在同步队列上进行peek,因为仅在试图要取得元素时,该元素才存在,除非另一个线程试图移除某个元素,否则也不能(使用任何方法)添加元素,也不能迭代队列,因为其中没有元素可用于迭代。队列的头是尝试添加到队列中的首个已排队线程元素,如果没有已排队线程,则不添加元素并且头为 null。
对于其他Collection方法(例如 contains),SynchronousQueue作为一个空集合,此队列不允许 null 元素。
同步队列类似于CSP和Ada中使用的rendezvous信道。它非常适合于传递性设计,在这种设计中,在一个线程中运行的对象要将某些信息、事件或任务传递给在另一个线程中运行的对象,它就必须与该对象同步。
对于正在等待的生产者和使用者线程而言,此类支持可选的公平排序策略,默认情况下不保证这种排序。
但是,使用公平设置为true所构造的队列可保证线程以FIFO的顺序进行访问。公平通常会降低吞吐量,但是可以减小可变性并避免得不到服务。

2 使用示例

1 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
2
3 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
4 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
5 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
6 import java.util.concurrent.SynchronousQueue;
7 import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
8 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
9 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
10
11 import org.junit.Test;
12
13 /**
14  * synchronousqueue的使用场景  ==== 线程间共享元素
15  * 假设有两个线程,一个生产者和一个消费者,当生产者设置一个共享变量的值时,我们希望向消费者线程
16  * 发出这个信号,然后消费者线程将从共享变量取值。
17  * @author ko
18  *
19  */
20 public class Sqt {
21
22     /**
23      * 利用AtomicInteger+CountDownLatch实现
24      */
25     @Test
26     public void doingByCountDownLatch(){
27         ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
28         AtomicInteger sharedState = new AtomicInteger();// 共享变量值
29         //  协调这两个线程,以防止情况当消费者访问共享变量值
30         CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
31
32         // 生产商将设置一个随机整数到sharedstate变量,并countdown()方法,
33         // 信号给消费者,它可以从sharedstate取一个值
34         Runnable producer = () -> {// 这好像是java8的匿名内部类的新写法
35             Integer producedElement = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt();
36             sharedState.set(producedElement);
37             System.out.println("生产者给变量设值:"+producedElement);
38             countDownLatch.countDown();
39         };
40
41         // 消费者会等待countdownlatch执行到await()方法,获取许可后,再从生产者里获取变量sharedstate值
42         Runnable consumer = () -> {
43             try {
44                 countDownLatch.await();
45                 Integer consumedElement = sharedState.get();
46                 System.out.println("消费者获取到变量:"+consumedElement);
47             } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
48                 ex.printStackTrace();
49             }
50         };
51
52         executor.execute(producer);
53         executor.execute(consumer);
54         try {
55             executor.awaitTermination(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
56         } catch (InterruptedException e) {
57             e.printStackTrace();
58         }
59         executor.shutdown();
60         assertEquals(countDownLatch.getCount(), 0);
61     }
62
63     /**
64      * 仅使用SynchronousQueue就可以实现
65      */
66     @Test
67     public void doingBySynchronousQueue(){
68         ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
69         SynchronousQueue<Integer> queue = new SynchronousQueue<>();
70
71         // 生产者
72         Runnable producer = () -> {
73             Integer producedElement = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt();
74             try {
75                 queue.put(producedElement);
76                 System.out.println("生产者设值:"+producedElement);
77             } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
78                 ex.printStackTrace();
79             }
80         };
81
82         // 消费者
83         Runnable consumer = () -> {
84             try {
85                 Integer consumedElement = queue.take();
86                 System.out.println("消费者取值:"+consumedElement);
87             } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
88                 ex.printStackTrace();
89             }
90         };
91
92         executor.execute(producer);
93         executor.execute(consumer);
94         try {
95             executor.awaitTermination(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
96         } catch (InterruptedException e) {
97             e.printStackTrace();
98         }
99         executor.shutdown();
100         assertEquals(queue.size(), 0);
101     }
102 }


3 实现原理

阻塞队列的实现方法有许多。

3.1 阻塞算法实现

阻塞算法实现通常在内部采用一个锁来保证多个线程中的put()和take()方法是串行执行的。采用锁的开销是比较大的,还会存在一种情况是线程A持有线程B需要的锁,B必须一直等待A释放锁,即使A可能一段时间内因为B的优先级比较高而得不到时间片运行。所以在高性能的应用中我们常常希望规避锁的使用。

1 public class NativeSynchronousQueue<E> {
2     boolean putting = false;
3     E item = null;
4
5     public synchronized E take() throws InterruptedException {
6         while (item == null)
7             wait();
8         E e = item;
9         item = null;
10         notifyAll();
11         return e;
12     }
13
14     public synchronized void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
15         if (e==null) return;
16         while (putting)
17             wait();
18         putting = true;
19         item = e;
20         notifyAll();
21         while (item!=null)
22             wait();
23         putting = false;
24         notifyAll();
25     }
26 }


3.2 信号量实现

经典同步队列实现采用了三个信号量,代码很简单,比较容易理解。

1 public class SemaphoreSynchronousQueue<E> {
2     E item = null;
3     Semaphore sync = new Semaphore(0);
4     Semaphore send = new Semaphore(1);
5     Semaphore recv = new Semaphore(0);
6
7     public E take() throws InterruptedException {
8         recv.acquire();
9         E x = item;
10         sync.release();
11         send.release();
12         return x;
13     }
14
15     public void put (E x) throws InterruptedException{
16         send.acquire();
17         item = x;
18         recv.release();
19         sync.acquire();
20     }
21 }


在多核机器上,上面方法的同步代价仍然较高,操作系统调度器需要上千个时间片来阻塞或唤醒线程,而上面的实现即使在生产者put()时已经有一个消费者在等待的情况下,阻塞和唤醒的调用仍然需要。

3.3 Java 5实现

1 public class Java5SynchronousQueue<E> {
2     ReentrantLock qlock = new ReentrantLock();
3     Queue waitingProducers = new Queue();
4     Queue waitingConsumers = new Queue();
5
6     static class Node extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
7         E item;
8         Node next;
9
10         Node(Object x) { item = x; }
11         void waitForTake() { /* (uses AQS) */ }
12            E waitForPut() { /* (uses AQS) */ }
13     }
14
15     public E take() {
16         Node node;
17         boolean mustWait;
18         qlock.lock();
19         node = waitingProducers.pop();
20         if(mustWait = (node == null))
21            node = waitingConsumers.push(null);
22          qlock.unlock();
23
24         if (mustWait)
25            return node.waitForPut();
26         else
27             return node.item;
28     }
29
30     public void put(E e) {
31          Node node;
32          boolean mustWait;
33          qlock.lock();
34          node = waitingConsumers.pop();
35          if (mustWait = (node == null))
36              node = waitingProducers.push(e);
37          qlock.unlock();
38
39          if (mustWait)
40              node.waitForTake();
41          else
42             node.item = e;
43     }
44 }


Java 5的实现相对来说做了一些优化,只使用了一个锁,使用队列代替信号量也可以允许发布者直接发布数据,而不是要首先从阻塞在信号量处被唤醒。

3.4 Java 6实现

Java 6的SynchronousQueue的实现采用了一种性能更好的无锁算法 — 扩展的“Dual stack and Dual queue”算法。性能比Java5的实现有较大提升。竞争机制支持公平和非公平两种:非公平竞争模式使用的数据结构是后进先出栈(Lifo Stack);公平竞争模式则使用先进先出队列(Fifo Queue),性能上两者是相当的,一般情况下,Fifo通常可以支持更大的吞吐量,但Lifo可以更大程度的保持线程的本地化。

代码实现里的Dual Queue或Stack内部是用链表(LinkedList)来实现的,其节点状态为以下三种情况:

持有数据 – put()方法的元素

持有请求 – take()方法

这个算法的特点就是任何操作都可以根据节点的状态判断执行,而不需要用到锁。

其核心接口是Transfer,生产者的put或消费者的take都使用这个接口,根据第一个参数来区别是入列(栈)还是出列(栈)。

1 /**
2     * Shared internal API for dual stacks and queues.
3     */
4    static abstract class Transferer {
5        /**
6         * Performs a put or take.
7         *
8         * @param e if non-null, the item to be handed to a consumer;
9         *          if null, requests that transfer return an item
10         *          offered by producer.
11         * @param timed if this operation should timeout
12         * @param nanos the timeout, in nanoseconds
13         * @return if non-null, the item provided or received; if null,
14         *         the operation failed due to timeout or interrupt --
15         *         the caller can distinguish which of these occurred
16         *         by checking Thread.interrupted.
17         */
18        abstract Object transfer(Object e, boolean timed, long nanos);
19    }


TransferQueue实现如下(摘自Java 6源代码),入列和出列都基于Spin和CAS方法:

1 /**
2     * Puts or takes an item.
3     */
4    Object transfer(Object e, boolean timed, long nanos) {
5        /* Basic algorithm is to loop trying to take either of
6         * two actions:
7         *
8         * 1. If queue apparently empty or holding same-mode nodes,
9         *    try to add node to queue of waiters, wait to be
10         *    fulfilled (or cancelled) and return matching item.
11         *
12         * 2. If queue apparently contains waiting items, and this
13         *    call is of complementary mode, try to fulfill by CAS'ing
14         *    item field of waiting node and dequeuing it, and then
15         *    returning matching item.
16         *
17         * In each case, along the way, check for and try to help
18         * advance head and tail on behalf of other stalled/slow
19         * threads.
20         *
21         * The loop starts off with a null check guarding against
22         * seeing uninitialized head or tail values. This never
23         * happens in current SynchronousQueue, but could if
24         * callers held non-volatile/final ref to the
25         * transferer. The check is here anyway because it places
26         * null checks at top of loop, which is usually faster
27         * than having them implicitly interspersed.
28         */
29
30        QNode s = null; // constructed/reused as needed
31        boolean isData = (e != null);
32
33        for (;;) {
34            QNode t = tail;
35            QNode h = head;
36            if (t == null || h == null)         // saw uninitialized value
37                continue;                       // spin
38
39            if (h == t || t.isData == isData) { // empty or same-mode
40                QNode tn = t.next;
41                if (t != tail)                  // inconsistent read
42                    continue;
43                if (tn != null) {               // lagging tail
44                    advanceTail(t, tn);
45                    continue;
46                }
47                if (timed && nanos <= 0)        // can't wait
48                    return null;
49                if (s == null)
50                    s = new QNode(e, isData);
51                if (!t.casNext(null, s))        // failed to link in
52                    continue;
53
54                advanceTail(t, s);              // swing tail and wait
55                Object x = awaitFulfill(s, e, timed, nanos);
56                if (x == s) {                   // wait was cancelled
57                    clean(t, s);
58                    return null;
59                }
60
61                if (!s.isOffList()) {           // not already unlinked
62                    advanceHead(t, s);          // unlink if head
63                    if (x != null)              // and forget fields
64                        s.item = s;
65                    s.waiter = null;
66                }
67                return (x != null)? x : e;
68
69            } else {                            // complementary-mode
70                QNode m = h.next;               // node to fulfill
71                if (t != tail || m == null || h != head)
72                    continue;                   // inconsistent read
73
74                Object x = m.item;
75                if (isData == (x != null) ||    // m already fulfilled
76                    x == m ||                   // m cancelled
77                    !m.casItem(x, e)) {         // lost CAS
78                    advanceHead(h, m);          // dequeue and retry
79                    continue;
80                }
81
82                advanceHead(h, m);              // successfully fulfilled
83                LockSupport.unpark(m.waiter);
84                return (x != null)? x : e;
85            }
86        }
87    }
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