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beautifulsoup之CSS选择器

2017-02-27 11:03 441 查看
BeautifulSoup支持大部分的CSS选择器,其语法为:向tag或soup对象的.select()方法中传入字符串参数,选择的结果以列表形式返回。

  tag.select("string")

  BeautifulSoup.select("string")

源代码示例:

html = """
<html>
<head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse">
<b>The Dormouse's story</b>
</p>
<p class="story">
Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a class="mysis" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<b>the first b tag<b>
Elsie
</a>,
<a class="mysis" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2" myname="kong">
Lacie
</a>and
<a class="mysis" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">
Tillie
</a>;and they lived at the bottom of a well.
</p>
<p class="story">
myStory
<a>the end a tag</a>
</p>
<a>the p tag sibling</a>
</body>
</html>
"""

soup = BeautifulSoup(html,'lxml')


  1、通过标签选择

# 选择所有title标签
soup.select("title")
# 选择所有p标签中的第三个标签
soup.select("p:nth-of-type(3)") 相当于soup.select(p)[2]
# 选择body标签下的所有a标签
soup.select("body a")
# 选择body标签下的直接a子标签
soup.select("body > a")
# 选择id=link1后的所有兄弟节点标签
soup.select("#link1 ~ .mysis")
# 选择id=link1后的下一个兄弟节点标签
soup.select("#link1 + .mysis")


  2、通过类名查找

# 选择a标签,其类属性为mysis的标签
soup.select("a.mysis")


  3、通过id查找

# 选择a标签,其id属性为link1的标签
soup.select("a#link1")


  4、通过【属性】查找,当然也适用于class

# 选择a标签,其属性中存在myname的所有标签
soup.select("a[myname]")
# 选择a标签,其属性href=http://example.com/lacie的所有标签
soup.select("a[href='http://example.com/lacie']")
# 选择a标签,其href属性以http开头
soup.select('a[href^="http"]')
# 选择a标签,其href属性以lacie结尾
soup.select('a[href$="lacie"]')
# 选择a标签,其href属性包含.com
soup.select('a[href*=".com"]')
# 从html中排除某标签,此时soup中不再有script标签
[s.extract() for s in soup('script')]
# 如果想排除多个呢
[s.extract() for s in soup(['script','fram']


  

  5、获取文本及属性

html_doc = """<html>
<head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
</p>
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
<p class="story">...</p>
</body>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
'''
以列表的形式返回
'''
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, 'html.parser')
s = soup.select('p.story')
s[0].get_text()  # p节点及子孙节点的文本内容
s[0].get_text("|")  # 指定文本内容的分隔符
s[0].get_text("|", strip=True)  # 去除文本内容前后的空白
print(s[0].get("class"))  # p节点的class属性值列表(除class外都是返回字符串)


  6、UnicodeDammit.detwingle() 方法只能解码包含在UTF-8编码中的Windows-1252编码内容,

new_doc = UnicodeDammit.detwingle(doc)
print(new_doc.decode("utf8"))
# ☃☃☃“I like snowmen!”


在创建 BeautifulSoup 或 UnicodeDammit 对象前一定要先对文档调用 UnicodeDammit.detwingle() 确保文档的编码方式正确.如果尝试去解析一段包含Windows-1252编码的UTF-8文档,就会得到一堆乱码,比如: ☃☃☃“I like snowmen!”.

  

  7、其它:

html_doc = """<html>
<head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
</p>
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
<p class="story">...</p>
</body>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
'''
以列表的形式返回
'''
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, 'html.parser')
soup.select('title')  # title标签
soup.select("p:nth-of-type(3)")  # 第三个p节点
soup.select('body a')  # body下的所有子孙a节点
soup.select('p > a')  # 所有p节点下的所有a直接节点
soup.select('p > #link1')  # 所有p节点下的id=link1的直接子节点
soup.select('#link1 ~ .sister')  # id为link1的节点后面class=sister的所有兄弟节点
soup.select('#link1 + .sister')  # id为link1的节点后面class=sister的第一个兄弟节点
soup.select('.sister')  # class=sister的所有节点
soup.select('[class="sister"]')  # class=sister的所有节点
soup.select("#link1")  # id=link1的节点
soup.select("a#link1")  # a节点,且id=link1的节点
soup.select('a[href]')  # 所有的a节点,有href属性
soup.select('a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')  # 指定href属性值的所有a节点
soup.select('a[href^="http://example.com/"]')  # href属性以指定值开头的所有a节点
soup.select('a[href$="tillie"]')  # href属性以指定值结尾的所有a节点
soup.select('a[href*=".com/el"]')  # 支持正则匹配
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