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解决进程间共享内存,由于某个进程异常退出导致死锁问题

2013-11-22 14:56 736 查看


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发现问题

继这篇Blog
解决Nginx和Fpm-Php等内部多进程之间共享数据问题 发完后,进程间共享内存又遇到了新的问题
昨天晚上QP同学上线后,早上看超时报表发现有一台前端机器访问QP超时,比其他前端机器高出了几个数量级,前端的机器都是同构的
难道是这台机器系统不正常?查看系统状态也没有任何异常,统计了一下超时日志,发现超时都发生在早上QP服务重启的过程中,正常情况下服务重启时,ClusterMap 会保证流量的正常分配
难道是ClusterMap有问题?去ClusterMap Server端看了一下,一切正常
难道是订阅者客户端有问题吗?随便找了一台正常的机器和有问题的这台机器对比,查看下日志也没有发现问题,使用查询工具检查这两台机器订阅者代理写的共享内存,发现工具读取共享内存返回的结果不一致,这就更奇怪了,都是相同的订阅者,一台机器有问题一台没问题
难道Server端给他们的消息不一致?去Server端把订阅者的机器列表都打了出来,发现了有问题的机器根本不在订阅者列表里面,说明这台机器没有订阅,貌似有点线索了,我下线了一台它订阅的QP机器验证,发现共享内部数据没有更新,pstack一下这个进程,发现内部的更新线程一直在等锁,导致共享内存数据一直无法更新,gdb跟进去之后,_lock.data.nr_readers一直为1,说明一直有一个读进程占着锁导致写进程无法进入,遍历了所有fpm-php的读进程发现都没有占着锁,这说明在读进程在获得锁后没来得及释放就挂掉了


测试

现在问题已经确认就是获得读锁后进程异常退出导致的,我写个测试程序复现这个问题

(! 2293)-> cat test/read_shared.cpp
[code]#include

SharedUpdateData*   _sharedUpdateData = NULL;
cm_sub::CMMapFile*  _mmapFile = NULL;

int32_t initSharedMemRead(const std::string& mmap_file_path)
{
    _mmapFile = new (std::nothrow) cm_sub::CMMapFile();
    if (_mmapFile == NULL || !_mmapFile->open(mmap_file_path.c_str(), FILE_OPEN_WRITE) )
    {
        return -1;
    }
    _sharedUpdateData = (SharedUpdateData*)_mmapFile->offset2Addr(0);
    return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    if (initSharedMemRead(argv[1]) != 0) return -1;

    int cnt = 100;
    while (cnt > 0)
    {
        pthread_rwlock_rdlock( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
        fprintf(stdout, "version = %ld, readers = %u\n",
            _sharedUpdateData->_version, _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__nr_readers);
        if (cnt == 190)
        {  
            exit(0);
        }  
        sleep(1);
        pthread_rwlock_unlock( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
        -- cnt;
        usleep(100*1000);
    }
    delete _mmapFile;
}


(! 2293)-> cat test/write_shared.cpp
[code]#include

SharedUpdateData*   _sharedUpdateData = NULL;
cm_sub::CMMapFile*  _mmapFile = NULL;

int32_t initSharedMemWrite(const char* mmap_file_path)
{
    _mmapFile = new (std::nothrow) cm_sub::CMMapFile();
    if ( _mmapFile == NULL || !_mmapFile->open(mmap_file_path, FILE_OPEN_WRITE, 1024) )
    {
        return -1;
    }
    _sharedUpdateData = (SharedUpdateData *)_mmapFile->offset2Addr(0);
    madvise(_sharedUpdateData, 1024, MADV_SEQUENTIAL);

    pthread_rwlockattr_t attr;
    memset(&attr, 0x0, sizeof(pthread_rwlockattr_t));
    if (pthread_rwlockattr_init(&attr) != 0 || pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared(&attr, PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED) != 0)
    {
        return -1;
    }
    pthread_rwlock_init( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock), &attr);
    _sharedUpdateData->_updateTime = autil::TimeUtility::currentTime();
    _sharedUpdateData->_version = 0; 
    return 0;
}

int main()
{
    if (initSharedMemWrite("data.mmap") != 0) return -1;

    int cnt = 200;
    while (cnt > 0)
    {
        pthread_rwlock_wrlock( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
        ++ _sharedUpdateData->_version;
        fprintf(stdout, "version = %ld, readers = %u\n",
                _sharedUpdateData->_version, _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__nr_readers);
        sleep(1);
        pthread_rwlock_unlock( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
        -- cnt;
        usleep(100*1000);
    }
    delete _mmapFile;
}

无论是读进程还是写进程,获取锁后来不及释放就挂掉都会有这样的问题


如何解决

问题已经复现,想想如何用一个好的办法解决,在网上找了一遍,针对读写锁没有什么好的解决办法,只能在逻辑上自己解决,能想到的是使用超时机制,即写进程内部增加一个超时时间,如果写进程到了这个时间还是不能获得锁,就认为死锁,将读进程的计数减1,这是一个暴力的解决办法,不解释了,如果谁有好的解决办法指导我下
看下读写锁的代码,读写锁和互斥锁相比,更适合用在读多写少的场景,如果读进程需要锁住时间久,就更合适使用读写锁了,我的应该场景是,读多写少,读写时间都非常短;暂时认为互斥锁和读写锁性能差别应该不大,其实读写锁内部同样使用了互斥锁,只不过是锁的时间比较短,锁住互斥区,进去看下是否有人正在写,然后就释放了,

需要注意的是,读写锁默认是写优先的,也就是说当正在写,或者进入写队列准备写时,读锁都是加不上的,需要等待
好,那我们看看互斥锁能否解决我们的问题,互斥锁内部有一个属性叫Robust锁
设置锁为Robust锁: pthread_mutexattr_setrobust_np
[code]        The robustness attribute defines the behavior when the owner
    of  a  mutex  dies.  The value of robustness could be either
    PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_NP or  PTHREAD_MUTEX_STALLED_NP,  which
    are  defined by the header <pthread.h>. The default value of
    the robustness attribute is PTHREAD_MUTEX_STALLED_NP.

        When the owner of a mutex with the  PTHREAD_MUTEX_STALLED_NP
    robustness    attribute    dies,   all   future   calls   to
    pthread_mutex_lock(3C) for this mutex will be  blocked  from
    progress in an unspecified manner.

修复非一致的Robust锁: pthread_mutex_consistent_np
[code]        A consistent mutex becomes inconsistent and is  unlocked  if
    its  owner dies while holding it, or if the process contain-
    ing the owner of the mutex unmaps the memory containing  the
    mutex or performs one of the exec(2) functions. A subsequent
    owner  of  the   mutex   will   acquire   the   mutex   with
    pthread_mutex_lock(3C),  which  will  return  EOWNERDEAD  to
    indicate that the acquired mutex is inconsistent.

        The pthread_mutex_consistent_np() function should be  called
    while  holding  the  mutex  acquired  by  a previous call to
    pthread_mutex_lock() that returned EOWNERDEAD.

        Since the critical section protected by the mutex could have
    been  left  in  an inconsistent state by the dead owner, the
    caller should make the mutex consistent only if it  is  able
    to  make  the  critical  section protected by the mutex con-
    sistent.

简单来说就是当发现EOWNERDEAD时,pthread_mutex_consistent_np函数内部会判断这个互斥锁是不是Robust锁,如果是,并且他OwnerDie了,那么他会把锁的owner设置成自己的进程ID,这样这个锁又可以恢复可用,很简单吧
锁释放是可以解决了,但是通过共享内存在进程间共享数据时,还有一点是需要注意的,就是数据的正确性,即完整性,进程共享不同与线程,如果是一个进程中的多个线程,那么进程异常退出了,其他线程也同时退出了,进程间共享都是独立的,如果一个写线程在写共享数据的过程中,异常退出,导致写入的数据不完整,读进程读取时就会有读到不完整数据的问题,其实数据完整性非常好解决,只需要在共享内存中加一个完成标记就好了,锁住共享区后,写数据,写好之后标记为完成,就可以了,读进程在读取时判断一下完成标记
测试代码见:

(! 2295)-> cat test/read_shared_mutex.cpp
[code] #include 

 SharedUpdateData*   _sharedUpdateData = NULL;
 cm_sub::CMMapFile*  _mmapFile = NULL;

 int32_t initSharedMemRead(const std::string& mmap_file_path)
 {
    _mmapFile = new (std::nothrow) cm_sub::CMMapFile();
    if (_mmapFile == NULL || !_mmapFile->open(mmap_file_path.c_str(), FILE_OPEN_WRITE) )
    {
        return -1;
    }
    _sharedUpdateData = (SharedUpdateData*)_mmapFile->offset2Addr(0);
    return 0;
 }

 int main(int argc, char** argv)
 {
     if (argc != 2) return -1;
     if (initSharedMemRead(argv[1]) != 0) return -1;   

     int cnt = 10000;
     int ret = 0;
     while (cnt > 0)
     {
         ret = pthread_mutex_lock( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
         if (ret == EOWNERDEAD)
         {
             fprintf(stdout, "%s: version = %ld, lock = %d, %u, %d\n",
                strerror(ret),
                _sharedUpdateData->_version, 
                _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__lock,
                _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__count,
                _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__owner);
             ret = pthread_mutex_consistent_np( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
             if (ret != 0)
             {
                 fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", strerror(ret));
                 pthread_mutex_unlock( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
                 continue;
             }
         }
         fprintf(stdout, "version = %ld, lock = %d, %u, %d\n", 
            _sharedUpdateData->_version, 
            _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__lock,
            _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__count,
            _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__owner);
         sleep(5);
         pthread_mutex_unlock( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
         usleep(500*1000);
         -- cnt;
    }
    fprintf(stdout, "go on\n");
    delete _mmapFile;
 }


(! 2295)-> cat test/write_shared_mutex.cpp
[code]#include 

SharedUpdateData*   _sharedUpdateData = NULL;
cm_sub::CMMapFile*  _mmapFile = NULL;

int32_t initSharedMemWrite(const char* mmap_file_path)
{
    _mmapFile = new (std::nothrow) cm_sub::CMMapFile();
    if ( _mmapFile == NULL || !_mmapFile->open(mmap_file_path, FILE_OPEN_WRITE, 1024) )
    {
        return -1;
    }
    _sharedUpdateData = (SharedUpdateData *)_mmapFile->offset2Addr(0);
    madvise(_sharedUpdateData, 1024, MADV_SEQUENTIAL);

    pthread_mutexattr_t attr;
    memset(&attr, 0x0, sizeof(pthread_mutexattr_t));
    if (pthread_mutexattr_init(&attr) != 0 || pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(&attr, PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED) != 0)
    {
        return -1;
    }
    if (pthread_mutexattr_setrobust_np(&attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_NP) != 0)
    {
        return -1;
    }
    pthread_mutex_init( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock), &attr);
    _sharedUpdateData->_version = 0;
    return 0;
}

int main()
{
    if (initSharedMemWrite("data.mmap") != 0) return -1;

    int cnt = 200;
    int ret = 0;
    while (cnt > 0)
    {
        ret = pthread_mutex_lock( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
        if (ret == EOWNERDEAD)
        {
            fprintf(stdout, "%s: version = %ld, lock = %d, %u, %d\n",
                    strerror(ret),
                    _sharedUpdateData->_version,
                    _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__lock,
                    _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__count,
                                            _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__owner);
            ret = pthread_mutex_consistent_np( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
            if (ret != 0)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", strerror(ret));
                pthread_mutex_unlock( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
                continue;
            }
        }
        ++ _sharedUpdateData->_version;
        fprintf(stdout, "version = %ld, lock = %d, %u, %d\n", _sharedUpdateData->_version,
                _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__lock,
                _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__count,
                _sharedUpdateData->_lock.__data.__owner);
        usleep(1000*1000);
        pthread_mutex_unlock( &(_sharedUpdateData->_lock));
        -- cnt;
        usleep(500*1000);
    }

    delete _mmapFile;
}

BTW:我们都知道加锁是有开销的,不仅仅是互斥导致的等待开销,还有加锁过程都是有系统调用到内核态的,这个过程开销也很大,有一种互斥锁叫Futex锁(Fast User Mutex),Linux从2.5.7版本开始支持Futex,快速的用户层面的互斥锁,Fetux锁有更好的性能,是用户态和内核态混合使用的同步机制,如果没有锁竞争的时候,在用户态就可以判断返回,不需要系统调用,
当然任何锁都是有开销的,能不用尽量不用,使用双Buffer,释放链表,引用计数,都可以在一定程度上替代锁的使用
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