Windows-to-Linux roadmap: Part 1. Thinking in Linux

Windows-to-Linux roadmap: Part 1. Thinking in Linux

Differences and similarities

Windows到Linux路线图：第一部分。Linux思考

You have started to make the change from Windows to Linux. This may have been your decision, or may have come from "on high." In either case you are looking at the prospect of changing your procedures and tools from something very familiar to something perhaps completely unknown. Furthermore, you may need to train others on how to comfortably manage Linux. Administration is more than just following procedures. There is a creative side to successfully managing a computing environment. Making this transition can feel like changing from being an accomplished oil painter to doing welding sculpture.

The good news is that the open standards that drive Linux are the same standards that formed the foundation for your Windows administration. Some of the buzzwords are different, and the tools are a little different, but the underlying concepts are the same. The better news is that as you become accustomed to the Linux approach to doing things, you will have an even larger toolset to work with to control and maintain your environment. Linux's strength is in its stability and flexibility. As you learn to think in Linux, you'll accomplish more, automate more, and do more remotely.

你已经开始从windows到linux的转变，这也许是你的决定，也或许是一时之兴。不论是那种情况，你期待着改变你的程序和工具，从一些泥非常熟悉的到你可能完全不懂得的。再者，你可能需要培训其他人在如何舒服的管理Linux，管理不只是依据程序，还有一个创造性的方面去成功的管理一个计算机环境。转变可能感觉像是从一个熟练的油画家变为去做雕塑的焊接。

好消息是驱动Linux的开放标准和你的Windows管理是相同的标准。一些流行词语是不同的，一些工具有些不同，但是根本的思想相同。好消息是当你习惯于Linux做事情的方式，你将有一个更大的工具集用来控制和维护你的计算机环境。Linux的力量在他的稳定性和灵活性。当你学习Linux的思想时，你将完成更多的，自然更多，和做更多的远程操作。

Linux is a little like Windows Linux有点像Windows

Before discussing how Linux is different from Windows, let's explore the overlaps where Linux and Windows are similar.

在开始讨论Linux和Windows的区别之前，让我们探讨下Linux和Windows相像的重叠部分。

Users and groups

Both Linux and Windows are multi-user operating systems. Both can be used by many different users, and give each user a separate environment and resources. Security is controlled based on the user's identity. Resource access can also be controlled by group membership, making it easier to work with rights for large numbers of users without having to touch each individual account.

用户和组

Linux和Windows 都是多用户的操作系统，两者都可以被许多不同的用户使用，并且给每一个用户一个独立的环境和资源。安全靠用户身份控制。资源访问也可以受组成员的控制，使得众多有权限的用户不用触及每个人的账户就可以更容易的使用

Users and groups can be centralized into a single repository, allowing multiple servers to share the same user and authentication data.

用户和组可以被集中到一个库中，允许多个服务器共享这些相同的用户和认证数据。

File system

Both Linux and Windows can work with a wide variety of file systems. File resources can be shared with a variety of clients through NetBIOS, FTP, or other protocols. Individual file systems can be flexibly incorporated, allowing the administrator to choose where and how they will be accessed.

文件系统

Linux和Windows可以在一个各式各样的的文件系统下工作。文件资源可以被一些不同的客户通过NetBios，FTP或者其他的协议所共享，个别的文件系统可以灵活的合并，允许管理员选择那儿和他们怎么去访问。

Ports and devices

Physical device ports such as parallel, serial, and USB are supported. Various controllers, such as IDE and SCSI, are also supported. Linux can support a good deal of standard hardware "off the shelf."

端口与设备

支持物理设备端口比如并行，穿行和USB。也支持像IDE和SCSI等各式各样的控制器。Linux可以支持大量的“现成的”标准硬件。

Networking

Linux and Windows both support a number of networking protocols, such as TCP/IP, NetBIOS, and IPX. Both support a wide variety of network adapters. Both provide the ability to share resources, such as files and printing, through the network. Both provide capability to perform network services, such as DHCP and DNS.

网络

Linux和Windows都支持一些网络协议，比如TCP/IP,NetBIOS和IPX.两者都支持各式各样的网络适配器。两者提供了像文件和打印通过网络共享资源的能力。都提供执行网络服务的能力，比如DHCP和DNS。

Services

Linux and Windows both have services, applications that run in the background to provide some function to the system and to computers that remotely call the service. These programs can be controlled individually and be started automatically when the system boots. (Note: In Linux these applications are often referred to as daemons, a legacy of its Unix roots.)

服务

Linux和Windows都有服务，在后台运行的应用程序给系统和并且给计算机提供一些可以远程调用服务的函数。这些程序可以被独立的控制，并且在系统启动的时候自动启动。（注意：在Linux中，这些应用程序经常被称为守护进程，一个Unix和其自身的遗产）

Back to top
Linux is different from Windows

Even though there are several similarities between the technologies, there are some key differences between the style of working in Windows and working in Linux. These differences are subtle until you get used to them, but they are key concepts to thinking in Linux.

Linux和Windows不同

虽然在技术上有很多的相似点，但是Windows和Linux中的工作作风有些关键的区别。直到你去使用它们之前，这些区别是微妙的，但是他们是Linux的思想的核心概念。

Linux is built for the network more than printing

When Windows was first built, it was mostly a paper world. One of the beautiful things about Windows was that everything you did was pretty to look at and easy to print. This beginning has affected the evolution of Windows.

In the same manner, Linux has been affected by its origins. Linux was designed from the beginning to live on the network. It was inspired by the Unix operating system, so there was a simplicity, some might say terseness, to its command design. Since plain text works well across a network, text has always been the base for Linux configuration and data.

Linux是为网络多于打印

当windows第一次编写，它主要是一个文件的世界。一个关于Windows美丽的东西是你做的任何东西看起来很漂亮且容易打印。Linux的设计从一开始就是要作用于网络。它受到了Unix操作系统的启发，所以它的命令设置的朴素，有些人或许说是简洁。因为纯文本顺利通过网络，文本总是成为Linux的配置和数据的基础。

For those accustomed to a graphical environment, a Linux server might appear primitive at first glance. But Linux development has focused for most of its life more on what was under the hood. Linux has very sophisticated networking, scripting, and security capabilities that are active even in a text-only environment. Some of the seemingly bizarre steps required to perform some tasks are inexplicable until you realize that Linux expects to perform these tasks on a network in cooperation with other Linux systems. Linux has very capable automation capabilities and can be programmed to perform very detailed tasks using nothing more than the equivalent of batch file programming. Linux's text-based nature is a large part of this capability.

对一些习惯图形化环境的人，第一眼看Linux服务器或许显得原始。但是Linux开发记忆集中了所有的生命在下盖。。Linux有很多有经验的网络，脚本语言和安全能力。即使是在文本环境下。一些看起来奇怪的步骤需要执行一些任务令人费解。直到你认识Linux期待在网络上执行这些任务去和其他的Linux系统协作。Linux有非常很强的自动化能力，别且可以被程序化去执行很多使用和Batch批处理文件相同的细节任务。Linux的文本模式自然是它能力的一个大的部分。

Optional GUI

Linux has a graphical component. Linux is capable of working with high-end graphical adapters and displays to do some truly stunning work. In fact, many digital effects artists do their design work on Linux workstations, where they would have used IRIX systems in the past. However, the graphical environment is not integral to Linux. It is a layer on top of the running system. That means that you run the GUI only if and when you need it. If your system spends most of its time serving up Web applications, then you can turn off the overhead of the graphical interface and use that memory and CPU for your service. If you need to do work on the system in a GUI, you can turn it on for your work and turn it off when you're done.

可选的GUI

Linux有一个图像化的组件。Linux能够和高端的图形适配器一起工作和显示，做一些真正让人吃惊的事情。实际上，很多数字效果设计师在Linux工作站上做他们的设计工作，之前他们可能使用IRIX系统。然而，对于Linux图形化环境不是整体的。他位于运行系统的顶层。这意味着，只要你需要的时候你就运行这个GUI。如果你的系统花费很多时间在网络应用，如果你可以为你的服务关闭图形化接口并使用它的内存和CUP。如果你需要在有GUI的系统上工作，你可以打开它并且在你完成之后关闭它。

There are graphical tools for managing Linux, as well as tools for general office work, such as e-mail, Web-browsing, and document processing. However, in Linux, the graphical administration tools are normally front ends for the console (command-line) tools. That means that anything you can do with a graphical tool, you can also do with a console command. Also, using a graphical tool doesn't prevent you from making manual changes to a configuration file. The value of this may not be immediately apparent. But think about it. If anything done from a graphical administration tool can be done with a console command, that means that those tasks can also be scripted. Scripted commands can become automated tasks. Linux provides the best of both worlds and doesn't force you to work with only text or GUI. You choose the method that's best for your task.

有一些图形化工具用于管理Linux，也有一些工具用于一般的办公，比如E-mail，网页浏览和文档处理。然而，在Linux中，图像管理工具是正常的前端用于控制台工具。这意味着任何你可以使用一个图形化工具做的事情，你也可以使用控制台命令去做。使用图形化工具并不妨碍你做手动改变配置文件。这个的价值也许不是立竿见影的。但是想想，如果任何从一个图形化管理工具可以完成的事情也可以使用一个控制台命令。这意味着那些任务也可以是脚本语言。脚本命令可以变成自动化的任务。Linux很好的提供了两者，而且不去强迫你只是使用文本或者GUI。你可以为你的任务选择你最好的方式。

Configuration files in Linux are human-readable text files. This is similar to the INI file of Windows past. This is a philosophical difference from the Windows Registry approach. Configuration files are generally provided for individual applications, and they are usually kept isolated from other configurations. However, most configuration files live in a single place on the directory tree (/etc), so there is a logical single place to look. Text file configuration makes it easy to back up, examine, and edit configurations without using any special system tools.

Linux中的配置文件是人可读的文本文件。这一点和过去Windows中的INI文件类似。这和Windows的注册表方式是一个冷静的区别。配置文件通常提供给不同的应用，并且他们经常和其他的配置隔离。然而，大部分文本文件配置使得它更容易备份，测试和不用任何特殊的系统工具编辑。

Filename extensions

Linux does not use filename extensions to identity a file's type. Rather, Linux looks at the header contents of a file to identity the type. You can still use filename extensions for human-readability, but Linux doesn't care. That said, some applications, such as a Web server, may use naming conventions to identify file types, but that is a factor of the individual applications.

Linux uses file access rights to determine if a file is an executable. Any file can be given executable status, so programs and scripts can be identified as executable by the creator or administrator. One clear advantage to this is security. An executable file saved onto the system cannot necessarily be automatically executed, a feature that thwarts many script viruses.

文件名扩展

linux没有使用文件名扩展区识别一个文件的类型。而是查看一个文件内容的头信息区识别它的类型。你仍然可以使用文件名扩展使得人可读。但是Linux不关心。这就是说一些应用，比如Web服务器，或许使用命名约定来鉴别文件类型。但是。。。

Linux使用文件访问权限来决定是否一个文件是一个可以执行的文件。任何文件可以被赋予执行状态。所以程序和脚本可以同可以被创建者和管理者执行来辨别。一个明确的优势是安全。一个可以保存在系统的可执行的文件并然不能被自动的执行。这个特色阻止了很多的脚本病毒。

What's the kernel?

Linux is actually just the kernel; it implements multitasking and multiuser functionality, manages hardware, allocates memory, and enables applications to run.

For the beginner, probably the most important thing about the kernel that you need to remember is that odd-numbered kernel versions (in other words, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7) are the experimental, development kernel. Stable, release kernels carry even numbers (in other words, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8).

什么是内核

Linux实际上知识内核。它实现了多任务和多用户功能。管理硬件，分配内存，并且是应用程序运行。

对于初学者，可能关于核心最重要的事情是奇怪的内核版本（换句话说，2.4,2.6,2.8）。

Rebooting is a last resort

If you have been using Windows for a long time, you are accustomed to rebooting the system for many reasons, from software installation to correcting problems with a service. This is a habit you will need to change to start thinking in Linux. Linux tends to be rather Newtonian in nature. Once set in motion, it will tend to stay in motion until it is acted upon by an outside force, such as a hardware failure. In fact, the system design of Linux prevents applications from corrupting the kernel, which is why it doesn't need frequent reboots (in contrast to Windows system design). So except for the Linux kernel, you can install, start, stop, and reconfigure software without having to reboot the system.

重启时最后一招

如果你已经使用Windows一段时间了，你已经习惯于因为很多原因重启系统。从软件安装区修正服务问题。这个习惯你需要改变以开始Linux思想。Linux倾向于自然中的牛顿学说。一旦发动起来，它将倾向保持云顿直到有个外力对它起作用。比如硬件失败。实际上，这个Linux系统的设计防止应用使得内核崩溃。这是它为什么不需要频繁重启的原因（与Windows系统设计的形成对照）。所以除了Linux的内核你可以安装，开始，停止和重新配置软件而不用重启系统。

If you do reboot your Linux system, it will not likely change the behavior, and can make a problem worse. Learning to work with the Linux services and run levels is key to successful troubleshooting. Of everything you will learn going into Linux, overcoming the reboot habit will probably be the hardest.

However, the good news is that this allows you to do a lot of work remotely in Linux. As long as some basic network services are running, you can probably get into the system. Also, if you are having problems with a particular service on a system, you can let the others run while you continue to troubleshoot the problem. When you are consolidating several services onto a single system, this is a critical difference.

如果你重启你的Linux系统，它将不像改变反映，可能使一个一个问题更加严重。学习使用Linux服务和运行级别是成功排除问题的关键。也是你将去学习Linux。克服重启的习惯或是最难的。

然而，好消息是允许你在Linux中远程的做很多工作。只要一些基本的网络服务在运行，你大概可能进入系统。如果你对一个特定的服务有问题。当你继续在排除错误时你可以让其他的服务运行。当你在加强若干个服务在一个系统中，这是一个决定性的区别。

Commands are case sensitive

All Linux commands and options are case sensitive. For example, -R is different from -r, and will do different things. Console commands are almost always lowercase. We'll cover commands in more detail in "Part 2. Console crash course."

命令大小写敏感

所有的Linux命令和选项是大小写敏感的。例如 -R是不同于 -r的。它们将做不同的事情。控制台命令几乎总是小写字母。我们将有更多内容在“第2部分 控制台速成课程”

Back to top
What should I be thinking about Linux?

The transition from administering Windows to Linux is not trivial. However, as a Windows administrator, you already have many advantages. Much of your understanding of how computing works will carry over. Success as a Linux administrator will be a matter of identifying the differences and adjusting your habits.

Many of the differences between Linux and Windows are advantageous. Overhead from an idle GUI can be reclaimed for services. Tasks can be scripted and automated. Configuration files are text based and human editable. You do not have to reboot the system for most tasks. In fact, you should overcome your instinct to reboot.

关于Linux我应该考虑什么？

从管理Windows到Linux的转换不是重要的。然而，作为一个Windows管理员，你已经有很多优势，很多关于如何计算的理解仍然存在。成功的成为一个Linux管理员将会是识别区别与调整习惯。

很多windows和linux的不同时优势，从一个闲置的GUI空间可以被回收用于服务。任务可能被脚本和自动化。配置文件是基于文本和用户可编辑之上。你不需要为大多数的任务去重启系统。实际上，你应该忽略你的重启本能。