磁盘管理 fdisk,lvm
2018-12-16 23:26
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1、描述GPT是什么,应该怎么使用。
Linux中磁盘分区分为MBR和GPT。 MBR全称为Master Boot Record,为主引导记录,是传统的分区机制,应用于绝大多数使用的BIOS的PC设备。 MBR分区的特点: 1、MBR支持32位和64位的系统 2、MBR支持分区数量有限 3、MBR只支持不超过2T的硬盘,超过2T的硬盘将只能用2T空间。 GPT(全称为GUID Partition Table)分区为全局唯一分区表,是一个较新的分区机制,解决了MBR很多缺点 GPT分区的特点: 1、支持超过2T的磁盘(64位寻址)。Fdisk最大只能建立2TB大小的分区 2、向后兼容MBR 3、必须在支持UEFI的硬件上才能使用(Intel提出,用于取代BIOS) 4、 必须使用64位系统
2、创建一个10G的分区,并格式化为ext4文件系统。要求:
1)block 大小的为2048,预留空间20%,卷标为MYDATA.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): n Command action l logical (5 or over) p primary partition (1-4) l First cylinder (13119-15665, default 13119): Using default value 13119 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (13119-15665, default 15665): +10G Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks. [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0008d864 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 13119 104857600 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda3 13119 15665 20458488+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 13119 14424 10490124+ 83 Linux [root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 1 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 2 [root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 1 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 2 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 3 BLKPG: Device or resource busy error adding partition 5 [root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 0 125829120 sda 8 1 512000 sda1 8 2 104857600 sda2 8 3 31 sda3 8 5 10490124 sda5 253 0 52428800 dm-0 253 1 4194304 dm-1 253 2 48230400 dm-2 [root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -m 20 -L MYDATA /dev/sda5 mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label=MYDATA OS type: Linux Block size=2048 (log=1) Fragment size=2048 (log=1) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 657408 inodes, 5245062 blocks 1049012 blocks (20.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=543162368 321 block groups 16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group 2048 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104, 2048000, 3981312 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 21 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/sda5 /dev/sda5: LABEL="MYDATA" UUID="20620667-1182-4321-80a8-de671e2f5534" TYPE="ext4"
2)挂载至/mydata目录,要求挂载时禁止程序自动运行,且不更新文件的访问时间戳。
[root@localhost ~]# mount -o noatime,noexec /dev/sda5 /mydata
3)可开机自动挂载。
[root@localhost ~]# tail -1 /etc/fstab /dev/sda5 /mnt ext4 defaults 0 0
3、创建一个大小1G的swap分区,并启用。
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0008d864 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 13119 104857600 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda3 13119 15665 20458488+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 13119 14424 10490124+ 83 Linux /dev/sda6 14425 14556 1060258+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris [root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sda6 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1060252 KiB no label, UUID=9f74a48d-873e-4a5d-8cd1-3d9a7cac670d [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/sda6 /dev/sda6: UUID="9f74a48d-873e-4a5d-8cd1-3d9a7cac670d" TYPE="swap" #查看swap大小 [root@localhost ~]# free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3945 365 3580 1 21 124 -/+ buffers/cache: 219 3726 Swap: 4095 0 4095 [root@localhost ~]# swapon /dev/sda6 [root@localhost ~]# free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 3945 365 3580 1 21 124 -/+ buffers/cache: 220 3725 Swap: 5131 0 5131
4、编写脚本计算/etc/passwd文件中第10个用户和第20个用户id号之和。
[root@localhost scripts]# bash userSum.sh 11 996 The result :1007 [root@localhost scripts]# cat userSum.sh #!/bin/bash # id1=$(head -10 /etc/passwd|tail -1|cut -d: -f3) echo $id1 id2=$(head -20 /etc/passwd|tail -1|cut -d: -f3) echo $id2 userSum=$(($id1 + $id2)) echo "The result :$userSum"
5、将当前主机名保存到hostName变量中,主机名如果为空,或者为localhost.localdomain则将设置为www.magedu.com
[root@localhost scripts]# hostname www.magedu.com [root@localhost scripts]# cat hostName.sh #!/bin/bash # hostName=$(hostname) [ -z "$hostName" -o "$hostName" == "localhost.localdomain" ] && hostname www.magedu.com
6、编写脚本,通过命令行参数传入一个用户名,判断id号是偶数还是奇数。
[root@localhost scripts]# bash test.sh z ou shu [root@localhost scripts]# id -u z 1006 [root@localhost scripts]# cat test.sh #!/bin/bash # if [ $# -lt 1 ];then echo "Please input userName" exit 4 fi userId=$(id -u $1) let var=$userId%2 if [ $var -eq 0 ];then echo "ou shu" else echo "ji shu" fi
7、lvm基本应用以及扩展缩减实现。
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0008d864 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 13119 104857600 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda4 13119 15665 20458488+ 5 Extended /dev/sda5 13119 13772 5252934+ 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda6 13773 14034 2104483+ 8e Linux LVM [root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda5 Physical volume "/dev/sda5" successfully created [root@localhost ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda2 VolGroup lvm2 a--u 100.00g 0 /dev/sda5 lvm2 ---- 10.00g 10.00g [root@localhost ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree VolGroup 1 3 0 wz--n- 100.00g 0 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# vgcreate vg /dev/sda5 Volume group "vg" successfully created [root@localhost ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree VolGroup 1 3 0 wz--n- 100.00g 0 vg 1 0 0 wz--n- 10.00g 10.00g [root@localhost ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert lv_home VolGroup -wi-ao---- 46.00g lv_root VolGroup -wi-ao---- 50.00g lv_swap VolGroup -wi-ao---- 4.00g [root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 6G -n lvt vg Logical volume "lvt" created. [root@localhost ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert lv_home VolGroup -wi-ao---- 46.00g lv_root VolGroup -wi-ao---- 50.00g lv_swap VolGroup -wi-ao---- 4.00g lvt vg -wi-a----- 6.00g 扩展lv [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg/lvt [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vg/lvt /mnt/ [root@localhost ~]# df -lh Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 50G 3.4G 44G 8% / tmpfs 2.0G 72K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 477M 42M 411M 10% /boot /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_home 46G 52M 43G 1% /home /dev/mapper/vg-lvt 5.8G 12M 5.5G 1% /mnt [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +1G /dev/vg/lvt Size of logical volume vg/lvt changed from 6.00 GiB (1536 extents) to 7.00 GiB (1792 extents). Logical volume lvt successfully resized. [root@localhost ~]# df -lh Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 50G 3.4G 44G 8% / tmpfs 2.0G 72K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 477M 42M 411M 10% /boot /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_home 46G 52M 43G 1% /home /dev/mapper/vg-lvt 5.8G 12M 5.5G 1% /mnt [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/vg/lvt resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem at /dev/vg/lvt is mounted on /mnt; on-line resizing required old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1 Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vg/lvt to 1835008 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/vg/lvt is now 1835008 blocks long. [root@localhost ~]# df -lh Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 50G 3.4G 44G 8% / tmpfs 2.0G 72K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 477M 42M 411M 10% /boot /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_home 46G 52M 43G 1% /home /dev/mapper/vg-lvt 6.8G 14M 6.5G 1% /mnt 缩小 [root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt [root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/vg/lvt e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/vg/lvt: 11/458752 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 65023/1835008 blocks [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/vg/lvt 5G resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vg/lvt to 1310720 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/vg/lvt is now 1310720 blocks long. [root@localhost ~]# lvreduce -L 5G /dev/vg/lvt WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 5.00 GiB. THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce vg/lvt? [y/n]: y Size of logical volume vg/lvt changed from 7.00 GiB (1792 extents) to 5.00 GiB (1280 extents). Logical volume lvt successfully resized. [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vg/lvt /mnt [root@localhost ~]# df -lh Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 50G 3.4G 44G 8% / tmpfs 2.0G 72K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 477M 42M 411M 10% /boot /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_home 46G 52M 43G 1% /home /dev/mapper/vg-lvt 4.8G 12M 4.6G 1% /mnt
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