您的位置:首页 > 编程语言 > Python开发

Python爬虫之正则表达式的使用教程详解

2018-10-25 10:44 1216 查看

正则表达式的使用

re.match(pattern,string,flags=0)

re.match尝试从字符串的起始位置匹配一个模式,如果不是起始位置匹配成功的话,match()就返回none

参数介绍:

pattern:正则表达式

string:匹配的目标字符串

flags:匹配模式

正则表达式的匹配模式:


最常规的匹配

import re
content ='hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
print(len(content))
result = re.match('^hello\s\d{6}\s\w{10}.*Demo$$',content)
print(result)
print(result.group()) #返回匹配结果
print(result.span()) #返回匹配结果的范围

结果运行如下:

39
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 39), match='hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'>
hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo
(0, 39)

泛匹配

使用(.*)匹配更多内容

import re
content ='hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
result = re.match('^hello.*Demo$',content)
print(result)
print(result.group())

结果运行如下:

<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 39), match='hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'>
hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo

匹配目标

在正则表达式中使用()将要获取的内容括起来

使用group(1)获取第一处,group(2)获取第二处,如此可以提取我们想要获取的内容

import re
content ='hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
result = re.match('^hello\s(\d{6})\s.*Demo$',content)
print(result)
print(result.group(1))#获取匹配目标

结果运行如下:

<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 39), match='hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'>
123456

贪婪匹配

import re
content ='hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
result = re.match('^he.*(\d+).*Demo$',content)
print(result)
print(result.group(1))

注意:.*会尽可能的多匹配字符

非贪婪匹配

import re
content ='hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
result = re.match('^he.*?(\d+).*Demo$',content)
print(result)
print(result.group(1)) 

注意:.*?会尽可能匹配少的字符

使用匹配模式

在解析HTML代码时会有换行,这时我们就要使用re.S

import re
content ='hello 123456 World_This ' \
'is a Regex Demo'
result = re.match('^he.*?(\d+).*?Demo$',content,re.S)
print(result)
print(result.group(1))

运行结果如下:

<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 39), match='hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'>
123456

转义

在解析过程中遇到特殊字符,就需要做转义,比如下面的$符号。

import re
content = 'price is $5.00'
result = re.match('^price.*\$5\.00',content)
print(result.group())

总结:尽量使用泛匹配,使用括号得到匹配目标,尽量使用非贪婪模式,有换行就用re.S

re.search(pattern,string,flags=0)

re.search扫描整个字符串并返回第一个成功的匹配。

比如我想要提取字符串中的123456,使用match方法无法提取,只能使用search方法。

import re
content ='hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
result = re.match('\d{6}',content)
print(result)
import re
content ='hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
result = re.search('\d{6}',content)
print(result)
print(result.group())

运行结果如下:

<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(6, 12), match='123456'>

匹配演练

可以匹配代码里结构相同的部分,这样可以返回你需要的内容

import re
content = '<a title="2009年中信出版社出版图书" href="/doc/2703035-2853985.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank" data-log="old:2703035-2853885,new:2703035-2853985" data-cid="sense-list">2009年中信出版社出版图书</a>'
result = re.search('<a.*?new:\d{7}-\d{7}.*?>(.*?)</a>',content)
print(result.group(1))
2009年中信出版社出版图书
re.findall(pattern,string,flags=0)

搜索字符串,以列表形式返回全部能匹配的字串

import re
html ='''
<li>
<a title="网络歌曲" href="/doc/2703035-2853927.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank" data-log="old:2703035-2853885,new:2703035-2853927" data-cid="sense-list">网络歌曲</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="2009年中信出版社出版图书" href="/doc/2703035-2853985.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank" data-log="old:2703035-2853885,new:2703035-2853985" data-cid="sense-list">2009年中信出版社出版图书</a>
</li>
'''
result = re.findall('<a.*?new:\d{7}-\d{7}.*?>(.*?)</a>',html,re.S)
count = 0
for list in result:
print(result[count])
count+=1
网络歌曲
2009年中信出版社出版图书
re.sub( pattern,repl,string,count,flags)

re.sub共有五个参数

三个必选参数 pattern,repl,string

两个可选参数count,flags

替换字符串中每一个匹配的字符串后替换后的字符串

import re
content = 'hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
content = re.sub('\d+','',content)
print(content)

运行结果如下:

hello  World_This is a Regex Demo
import re
content = 'hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
content = re.sub('\d+','what',content)
print(content)

运行结果如下:

hello what World_This is a Regex Demo
import re
content = 'hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
content = re.sub('(\d+)',r'\1 789',content)
print(content)

运行结果如下:

hello 123456 789 World_This is a Regex Demo

注意:这里\1代表前面匹配的123456

演练

在这里我们替换li标签

import re
html ='''
<li>
<a title="网络歌曲" href="/doc/2703035-2853927.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank" data-log="old:2703035-2853885,new:2703035-2853927" data-cid="sense-list">网络歌曲</a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="2009年中信出版社出版图书" href="/doc/2703035-2853985.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank" data-log="old:2703035-2853885,new:2703035-2853985" data-cid="sense-list">2009年中信出版社出版图书</a>
</li>
'''
html = re.sub('<li>|</li>','',html)
print(html)

运行结果如下,里面就没有li标签

<a title="网络歌曲" href="/doc/2703035-2853927.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank" data-log="old:2703035-2853885,new:2703035-2853927" data-cid="sense-list">网络歌曲</a>
<a title="2009年中信出版社出版图书" href="/doc/2703035-2853985.html" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank" data-log="old:2703035-2853885,new:2703035-2853985" data-cid="sense-list">2009年中信出版社出版图书</a>
compile(pattern [, flags])

该函数根据包含的正则表达式的字符串创建模式对象。可以实现更有效率的匹配

将正则表达式编译成正则表达式对象,以便于复用该匹配模式

import re
content = 'hello 123456 ' \
'World_This is a Regex Demo'
pattern = re.compile('hello.*?Demo',re.S)
result = re.match(pattern,content)
print(result.group()) 

运行结果如下:

hello 123456 World_This is a Regex Demo

综合使用

import re
html = '''
<div class="slide-page" style="width: 700px;" data-index="1">
<a class="item" target="_blank" href="https://movie.douban.com/subject/26725678/?tag=热门&from=gaia">
<div class="cover-wp" data-isnew="false" data-id="26725678">
<img src="https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2525020357.jpg" alt="解除好友2:暗网" data-x="694" data-y="1000">
</div>
<p>
解除好友2:暗网
<strong>7.9</strong>
</p>
</a>
<a class="item" target="_blank" href="https://movie.douban.com/subject/26916229/?tag=热门&from=gaia_video">
<div class="cover-wp" data-isnew="false" data-id="26916229">
<img src="https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2532008868.jpg" alt="镰仓物语" data-x="2143" data-y="2993">
</div>
<p>
镰仓物语
<strong>6.9</strong>
</p>
</a>
<a class="item" target="_blank" href="https://movie.douban.com/subject/26683421/?tag=热门&from=gaia">
<div class="cover-wp" data-isnew="false" data-id="26683421">
<img src="https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2528281606.jpg" alt="特工" data-x="690" data-y="986">
</div>
<p>
特工
<strong>8.3</strong>
</p>
</a>
<a class="item" target="_blank" href="https://movie.douban.com/subject/27072795/?tag=热门&from=gaia">
<div class="cover-wp" data-isnew="false" data-id="27072795">
<img src="https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2521583093.jpg" alt="幸福的拉扎罗" data-x="640" data-y="914">
</div>
<p>
幸福的拉扎罗
<strong>8.6</strong>
</p>
</a>
<a class="item" target="_blank" href="https://movie.douban.com/subject/27201353/?tag=热门&from=gaia_video">
<div class="cover-wp" data-isnew="false" data-id="27201353">
<img src="https://img1.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2528842218.jpg" alt="大师兄" data-x="679" data-y="950">
</div>
<p>
大师兄
<strong>5.2</strong>
</p>
</a>
<a class="item" target="_blank" href="https://movie.douban.com/subject/30146756/?tag=热门&from=gaia_video">
<div class="cover-wp" data-isnew="false" data-id="30146756">
<img src="https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2530872223.jpg" alt="风语咒" data-x="1079" data-y="1685">
</div>
<p>
风语咒
<strong>6.9</strong>
</p>
</a>
<a class="item" target="_blank" href="https://movie.douban.com/subject/26630714/?tag=热门&from=gaia">
<div class="cover-wp" data-isnew="false" data-id="26630714">
<img src="https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2530591543.jpg" alt="精灵旅社3:疯狂假期" data-x="1063" data-y="1488">
</div>
<p>
精灵旅社3:疯狂假期
<strong>6.8</strong>
</p>
</a>
<a class="item" target="_blank" href="https://movie.douban.com/subject/25882296/?tag=热门&from=gaia_video">
<div class="cover-wp" data-isnew="false" data-id="25882296">
<img src="https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2526405034.jpg" alt="狄仁杰之四大天王" data-x="2500" data-y="3500">
</div>
<p>
狄仁杰之四大天王
<strong>6.2</strong>
</p>
</a>
<a class="item" target="_blank" href="https://movie.douban.com/subject/26804147/?tag=热门&from=gaia_video">
<div class="cover-wp" data-isnew="false" data-id="26804147">
<img src="https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2527484082.jpg" alt="摩天营救" data-x="1371" data-y="1920">
</div>
<p>
摩天营救
<strong>6.4</strong>
</p>
</a>
<a class="item" target="_blank" href="https://movie.douban.com/subject/24773958/?tag=热门&from=gaia_video">
<div class="cover-wp" data-isnew="false" data-id="24773958">
<img src="https://img3.doubanio.com/view/photo/s_ratio_poster/public/p2517753454.jpg" alt="复仇者联盟3:无限战争" data-x="1968" data-y="2756">
</div>
<p>
复仇者联盟3:无限战争
<strong>8.1</strong>
</p>
</a>
</div>
'''
count = 0
for list in result:
print(result[count])
count+=1

运行结果如下:

('解除好友2:暗网', '7.9')
('镰仓物语', '6.9')
('特工', '8.3')
('幸福的拉扎罗', '8.6')
('大师兄', '5.2')
('风语咒', '6.9')
('精灵旅社3:疯狂假期', '6.8')
('狄仁杰之四大天王', '6.2')
('摩天营救', '6.4')
('复仇者联盟3:无限战争', '8.1')

总结

以上所述是小编给大家介绍的Python爬虫之正则表达式的使用教程,希望对大家有所帮助,如果大家有任何疑问请给我留言,小编会及时回复大家的。在此也非常感谢大家对脚本之家网站的支持!

您可能感兴趣的文章:

内容来自用户分享和网络整理,不保证内容的准确性,如有侵权内容,可联系管理员处理 点击这里给我发消息