Linux第二关练习题

第1章 PATH

1.1 PATH 存放的是linux下命令的路径（位置）

[root@oldboyedu50-lnb ~]# echo $PATH/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

1.2 linux启动过程

开机自检（BIOS）MBR引导GRUB菜单加载内核运行init进程读取/etc/inittab配置文件执行/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit脚本执行/etc/rc.d/rc脚本启动mingetty进程

1.3 linux执行命令过程

1.是否是别名2.在PATH中找命令是否存在 1).提示 command not found 2).执行实例1-1 如何过滤出已知当前目录下oldboy中的所有一级目录(提示:不包含oldboy目录下面目录的子目录及隐藏目录，即只能是第一级目录)？mkdir /oldboy -pcd /oldboymkdir ext/oldboy test xiaodong xiaofan xingfujie -ptouch jeacen oldboy wodi.gz yingsui.gz方法1-tree [root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tree -dL 1.├── ext├── test├── xiaodong├── xiaofan└── xingfujie5 directories方法2-find [root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# find -maxdepth 1 -type d../xiaodong./xiaofan./test./ext./xingfujie[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# find -maxdepth 1 -type d -name ".".[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# find -maxdepth 1 -type d ! -name "."./xiaodong./xiaofan./test./ext./xingfujie方法3 d开头的[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# ll |grep "^d"drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 extdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 16 19:24 testdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaodongdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaofandrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xingfujie方法4 第2列大于1 [root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# ll |awk '$2>1'total 40drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 extdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 16 19:24 testdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaodongdrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaofandrwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xingfujie方法5 ls [root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# ls -Falex.txt jeacen oldboy.txt test.sh t.sh.bak xiaodong/ xingfujie/ext/ oldboy test/ t.sh wodi.gz xiaofan/ yingsui.gz[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# #-F 不同类型的文件 加上不同的标记 目录/[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# ls -F |grep "/"ext/test/xiaodong/xiaofan/xingfujie/方法6 *目录标记[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# ls -ld */drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 ext/drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 16 19:24 test/drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaodong/drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xiaofan/drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jul 19 23:59 xingfujie/实例1-2 /etc/目录为linux系统的默认的配置文件及服务启动命令的目录a. 请用tar打包/etc整个目录（打包及压缩）。b. 请用tar打包/etc整个目录（打包及压缩，但需要排除/etc/services文件）。c. 请把a点命令的压缩包，解压到/tmp指定目录下（最好只用tar命令实现）。1.创建压缩包 tar zcvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz /etc/#z gzip 通过gzip 软件压缩#c create 创建包#v verbose 显示过程#f file 指定文件2.查看压缩包内容 tar ztf /tmp/etc.tar.gz#t list 显示压缩包内容3.解压 tar zxf etc.tar.gz#x extract 解压[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# ll /tmp/etc.tar.gz-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9734648 Jul 20 01:41 /tmp/etc.tar.gz解压到/opt[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# tar xf /tmp/etc.tar.gz -C /opt/[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# ll /opt/total 12drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 11 01:16 datadrwxr-xr-x 78 root root 4096 Jul 19 20:43 etcdrwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Mar 26 2015 rhb.请用tar打包/etc整个目录（打包及压缩，但需要排除/etc/services文件）。[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# tar zcf /tmp/etc-pai.tar.gz /etc/ --exclude /etc/servicestar: Removing leading `/' from member names[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# tar tf /tmp/etc-pai.tar.gz |grep servicesetc/init/readahead-disable-services.conf[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /tmp]# tar tf /tmp/etc.tar.gz |grep servicesetc/init/readahead-disable-services.confetc/servicestar zcf /tmp/etc-pai.tar.gz /etc/ --exclude /etc/servicestar命令经典故障Removing leading `/' from member names[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tar zcf /tmp/etc.tar.gz /etc/tar: Removing leading `/' from member names把压缩包中的开头的/(根)删除掉背后过程：打包压缩过程中 文件或目录 绝对路径---->相对路径 打包的时候： /etc/host /etc/profile 压缩包中样子 etc/host etc/profile这个提示原因: 防止解压的时候覆盖源文件。实例1-3 假如当前目录是/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/cd - 进入到上一次所在的位置An argument of - is equivalent to $OLDPWD.cd - === cd $OLDPWDcd . 进入当前目录cd .. 进入上一级目录cd ~ 进入当前目录的家目录实例1-4 按照时间顺序查看文件ls -lrt#-r 逆序#-t 按照修改时间调试系统服务时，希望能实时查看系统日志/var/log/secure的更新,如何做？-F == -f --try 如果文件不存在 会不断重试tail -f /var/log/secure[root@oldboy50-01 ~]# ll -ttotal 52-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10 Jul 17 04:28 oldboy.log-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 56 Jul 16 18:42 *.shdrwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4096 Jul 15 01:48 oldboy-rw-------. 1 root root 1160 Jul 14 23:41 anaconda-ks.cfg-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21736 Jul 14 23:41 install.log-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5890 Jul 14 23:38 install.log.syslog实例1-5 打印配置文件nginx.conf内容的行号及内容，该如何做？[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# #{1..5} 生成序列[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo {1..10}1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo {01..10}01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo stu{01..10} |xargs -n1stu01stu02stu03stu04stu05stu06stu07stu08stu09stu10[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo stu{01..10} |xargs -n1 >nginx.conf方法1 cat [root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# cat -n nginx.conf 1 stu01 2 stu02 3 stu03 4 stu04 5 stu05 6 stu06 7 stu07 8 stu08 9 stu09 10 stu10方法2 vim :set nu #显示行号 :set nonu #取消显示行号方法3 awk 显示某一列[root@oldboyedu50-lnb ~]# awk '{print NR,$1}' /oldboy/nginx.conf1 stu012 stu023 stu034 stu045 stu056 stu067 stu078 stu089 stu0910 stu10显示/proc/mounts 文件的行号和第1列和第3列awk '{print NR,$1,$3}' /proc/mounts方法4 grep -ngrep -n "." nginx.conf. 正则表达式 任意一个字符-n 显示行号方法5 nl number of linesnl nginx.conf方法6 sed = 显示行号实例1-6 已知nginx服务的访问日志按天记录在服务器本地目录/app/logs下，由于磁盘空间紧张，现在要求只能保留最近7天访问日志！请问如何解决？ 请给出解决办法或配置或处理命令。 mkdir -p /app/logscd /app/logsfor time in {01..20};do date -s "201805$time"; touch access_www_$(date +%F).log ;donedate -s "20180520 00:00:00" date 显示时间 修改时间-mtime modify time 修改时间[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /app/logs]# find -mtime +7|xargs ls -l-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 1 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-01.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 2 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-02.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 3 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-03.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 4 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-04.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 5 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-05.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 6 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-06.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 7 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-07.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 8 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-08.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 9 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-09.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-10.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 11 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-11.log-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 12 00:00 ./access_www_2018-05-12.log 实例1-7 找出/app/logs 下面以.log结尾的7天之前的文件 显示详细信息(ls -l) (3种方法)find /app/logs/ -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +7方法1find /app/logs/ -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +7|xargs ls -l方法2ls -l $(find /app/logs/ -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +7)ls -l `find /app/logs/ -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +7`方法3find /app/logs/ -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +7 -exec ls -l {} \;实例1-8 linux系统运行级别一般为0-6，请分别写出每个级别的含义。1) 0-6 2)runlevel3)init实例1-9 装完系统后，希望让网络文件共享服务NFS(iptables)，仅在3级别上开机自启动，该如何做？让iptables开机自启动？[root@oldboyedu50-lnb ~]# chkconfig --level 3 iptables on[root@oldboyedu50-lnb ~]# chkconfig |grep iptiptables 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off实例1-10 10 linux系统中查看中文，但是乱码了，请问如何解决乱码问题？乱码原因：如何排查：如何解决：实例1-11 已知如下命令及结果：[oldboy@test ~]$ mkdir /oldboy ; echo "I am oldboy,myqq is 31333741">/oldboy/oldboy.txt[oldboy@test ~]$ cat oldboy.txtI am oldboy,myqq is 31333741a．现在需要从文件中过滤出“oldboy”和“31333741”字符串，请给出命令.b．如果需要从文件中过滤出“oldboy,31333741”字符串，请再给出命令.方法1 sed+awk [root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# sed 's#,# #g' oldboy.txtI am oldboy myqq is 31333741[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# sed 's#,# #g' oldboy.txt |awk '{print $3,$6}'oldboy 31333741方法2 tr+awk [root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tr "," " " <oldboy.txtI am oldboy myqq is 31333741[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tr "," " " <oldboy.txt |awk '{print $3,$6}'oldboy 31333741[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo 123123|tr "123" "abc"abcabc[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# echo 112233|tr "123" "abc"aabbcc方法3 tr+cuttr 1对1的替换[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# cut -d " " -f2,3,4 oldboy.txtam oldboy,myqq is[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# cut -d " " -f2-5 oldboy.txtam oldboy,myqq is 31333741-d 指定分隔符（菜刀）-f 某一列a．现在需要从文件中过滤出“oldboy”和“31333741”字符串，请给出命令.[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tr "," " " <oldboy.txtI am oldboy myqq is 31333741[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# tr "," " " <oldboy.txt |cut -d " " -f3,6oldboy 31333741方法4 awk [root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# cat oldboy.txtI am oldboy,myqq is 31333741[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F "," '{print $2}' oldboy.txtmyqq is 31333741#-F 指定分隔符（菜刀）#-F指定多个分隔符[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F "[, ]" '{print $3}' oldboy.txtoldboy方法5 sed sed [root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# ca时t oldboy.txtI am oldboy,myqq is 31333741[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# sed 's#I am ##g' oldboy.txtoldboy,myqq is 31333741[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# sed 's#I am ##g' oldboy.txt |sed 's#,myqq is##g'oldboy 31333741b．如果需要从文件中过滤出“oldboy,31333741”字符串，请再给出命令. [root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F"[ ,]" '{print $3"*_*"$NF}' oldboy.txtoldboy*_*31333741[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F"[ ,]" '{print $3":)"$NF}' oldboy.txtoldboy:)31333741[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F"[ ,]" '{print $3","$NF}' oldboy.txtoldboy,31333741实例1-12 显示 /etc/passwd 第1列和第3列内容 要求格式显示为:USER:第1列内容 UID:第3列内容USER:第1列内容 UID:第3列内容USER:第1列内容 UID:第3列内容USER:第1列内容 UID:第3列内容USER:第1列内容 UID:第3列内容[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F":" '{print "USER:"$1,"UID:"$3}' /etc/passwdUSER:root UID:0USER:bin UID:1USER:daemon UID:2USER:adm UID:3USER:lp UID:4USER:sync UID:5整齐显示[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# awk -F":" '{print "USER:"$1,"UID:"$3}' /etc/passwd|column -tUSER:root UID:0USER:bin UID:1USER:daemon UID:2USER:adm UID:3USER:lp UID:4实例1-13 如何查看/etc/services文件的有多少行？显示行号 只保留最后一行[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# wc /etc/services10774 58108 641020 /etc/services[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# wc -l /etc/services10774 /etc/services统计总数统计出 /etc目录下面 以.conf结尾的文件的数量[root@oldboyedu50-lnb /oldboy]# find /etc/ -type f -name "*.conf" | wc -l195实例1-14 过滤出/etc/services 文件包含3306或1521两数字所在的行的内容。egrep "3306或1521" /etc/servicesegrep "3306|1521" /etc/servicesmysql 3306/tcp # MySQLmysql 3306/udp # MySQLncube-lm 1521/tcp # nCube License Managerncube-lm 1521/udp # nCube License Manager| 扩展正则表达式 egrep == grep -E

第2章 vmware 经典故障：

该虚拟机似乎正在使用中。如果该虚拟机未在使用，请按“获取所有权(T)”按钮获取它的所有权。否则，请按“取消(C)”按钮以防损坏。配置文件: G:\VMware\模板机01\老男孩教育50期-模板机01.vmx。方法1.重启计算机 方法2.通过everything 搜索 .lck 删除 虚拟机名称.lck 目录 重启vmware