Jewel版本Ceph集群功能性能测试
2018-07-09 11:09
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参考文档
http://docs.ceph.com/docs/master/start/quick-start-preflight/#rhel-centoshttps://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2017-09/146760.htm
http://s3browser.com/
http://docs.ceph.org.cn/man/8/rbd/
https://hub.packtpub.com/working-ceph-block-device/#
https://github.com/s3fs-fuse/s3fs-fuse
https://blog.csdn.net/miaodichiyou/article/details/76050361
http://mathslinux.org/?p=717
http://elf8848.iteye.com/blog/2089055
测试目标
使用rbd映射挂载块存储并测试性能使用rbd-nbd映射挂载条带块存储并测试性能
使用s3brower测试对象存储读写
使用s3fs挂载挂载对象存储
使用对象存储写使用块存储读
一，使用rbd映射挂载块存储并测试性能
1、创建image[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# ceph osd pool create test_pool 100
pool 'test_pool' created
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rados lspools
rbd
.rgw.root
default.rgw.control
default.rgw.data.root
default.rgw.gc
default.rgw.log
default.rgw.users.uid
default.rgw.users.keys
default.rgw.buckets.index
default.rgw.buckets.data
test_pool
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd list
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd create test_pool/testimage1 --size 40960
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd create test_pool/testimage2 --size 40960
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd create test_pool/testimage3 --size 40960
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd create test_pool/testimage4 --size 40960
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd list
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd list test_pool
testimage1
testimage2
testimage3
testimage4
2、映射image
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd map test_pool/testimage1
rbd: sysfs write failed
RBD image feature set mismatch. You can disable features unsupported by the kernel with "rbd feature disable".
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try "dmesg | tail" or so.
rbd: map failed: (6) No such device or address
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# dmesg |tail
[113320.926463] rbd: loaded (major 252)
[113320.931044] libceph: mon2 172.20.1.141:6789 session established
[113320.931364] libceph: client4193 fsid 812d3acb-eaa8-4355-9a74-64f2cd5209b3
[113320.936922] rbd: image testimage1: image uses unsupported features: 0x38
[113339.870548] libceph: mon1 172.20.1.140:6789 session established
[113339.870906] libceph: client4168 fsid 812d3acb-eaa8-4355-9a74-64f2cd5209b3
[113339.877109] rbd: image testimage1: image uses unsupported features: 0x38
[113381.405453] libceph: mon2 172.20.1.141:6789 session established
[113381.405784] libceph: client4202 fsid 812d3acb-eaa8-4355-9a74-64f2cd5209b3
[113381.411625] rbd: image testimage1: image uses unsupported features: 0x38
报错处理方法：disable新特性
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd info test_pool/testimage1
rbd image 'testimage1':
size 40960 MB in 10240 objects
order 22 (4096 kB objects)
block_name_prefix: rbd_data.10802ae8944a
format: 2
features: layering, exclusive-lock, object-map, fast-diff, deep-flatten
flags:
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd feature disable test_pool/testimage1
rbd: at least one feature name must be specified
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd feature disable test_pool/testimage1 fast-diff
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd feature disable test_pool/testimage1 object-map
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd feature disable test_pool/testimage1 exclusive-lock
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd feature disable test_pool/testimage1 deep-flatten
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd info test_pool/testimage1
rbd image 'testimage1':
size 40960 MB in 10240 objects
order 22 (4096 kB objects)
block_name_prefix: rbd_data.10802ae8944a
format: 2
features: layering
flags:
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd map test_pool/testimage1
/dev/rbd0
同理操作testimage2\3\4，最终如下
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# rbd showmapped
id pool image snap device
0 tes
5b4
t_pool testimage1 - /dev/rbd0
1 test_pool testimage2 - /dev/rbd1
2 test_pool testimage3 - /dev/rbd2
3 test_pool testimage4 - /dev/rbd3
备注收缩image大小
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd resize -p test_pool --image testimage1 -s 10240 --allow-shrink
Resizing image: 100% complete...done.
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd resize -p test_pool --image testimage2 -s 10240 --allow-shrink
Resizing image: 100% complete...done.
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd resize -p test_pool --image testimage3 -s 10240 --allow-shrink
Resizing image: 100% complete...done.
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd resize -p test_pool --image testimage4 -s 10240 --allow-shrink
Resizing image: 100% complete...done.
3、格式化挂载
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# mkfs.xfs /dev/rbd0
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/rbd0
4、DD测试
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-disk0/file0 count=1000 bs=4M conv=fsync
1000+0 records in
1000+0 records out
4194304000 bytes (4.2 GB) copied, 39.1407 s, 107 MB/s
二、使用rbd-nbd映射挂载条带块存储并测试性能
1、创建image根据官网文档条带化测试需要带参数--stripe-unit及--stripe-count
计划测试object-size为4M、4K
3344
且count为1时，object-szie为32M且count为8、16时块存储性能
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd create test_pool/testimage5 --size 10240 --stripe-unit 2097152 --stripe-count 16
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd info test_pool/testimage5
rbd image 'testimage5':
size 10240 MB in 2560 objects
order 22 (4096 kB objects)
block_name_prefix: rbd_data.10c52ae8944a
format: 2
features: layering, striping, exclusive-lock, object-map, fast-diff, deep-flatten
flags:
stripe unit: 2048 kB
stripe count: 16
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd create test_pool/testimage6 --size 10240 --stripe-unit 4096 --stripe-count 4
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd info test_pool/testimage6
rbd image 'testimage6':
size 10240 MB in 2560 objects
order 22 (4096 kB objects)
block_name_prefix: rbd_data.10c82ae8944a
format: 2
features: layering, striping, exclusive-lock, object-map, fast-diff, deep-flatten
flags:
stripe unit: 4096 bytes
stripe count: 4
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd create test_pool/testimage7 --size 10240 --object-size 32M --stripe-unit 4194304 --stripe-count 4
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd info test_pool/testimage7
rbd image 'testimage7':
size 10240 MB in 320 objects
order 25 (32768 kB objects)
block_name_prefix: rbd_data.107e238e1f29
format: 2
features: layering, striping, exclusive-lock, object-map, fast-diff, deep-flatten
flags:
stripe unit: 4096 kB
stripe count: 4
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd create test_pool/testimage8 --size 10240 --object-size 32M --stripe-unit 2097152 --stripe-count 16
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd info test_pool/testimage8
rbd image 'testimage8':
size 10240 MB in 320 objects
order 25 (32768 kB objects)
block_name_prefix: rbd_data.109d2ae8944a
format: 2
features: layering, striping, exclusive-lock, object-map, fast-diff, deep-flatten
flags:
stripe unit: 2048 kB
stripe count: 16
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd create test_pool/testimage11 --size 10240 --object-size 4M
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd create test_pool/testimage12 --size 10240 --object-size 4K
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd info test_pool/testimage11
rbd image 'testimage11':
size 10240 MB in 2560 objects
order 22 (4096 kB objects)
block_name_prefix: rbd_data.10ac238e1f29
format: 2
features: layering, exclusive-lock, object-map, fast-diff, deep-flatten
flags:
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-disk0]# rbd info test_pool/testimage12
rbd image 'testimage12':
size 10240 MB in 2621440 objects
order 12 (4096 bytes objects)
block_name_prefix: rbd_data.10962ae8944a
format: 2
features: layering, exclusive-lock, object-map, fast-diff, deep-flatten
flags:
2、映射image
[root@idcv-ceph2 mnt]# rbd map test_pool/testimage8
rbd: sysfs write failed
In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try "dmesg | tail" or so.
rbd: map failed: (22) Invalid argument
[root@idcv-ceph2 mnt]# dmesg |tail
[118760.024660] XFS (rbd0): Log I/O Error Detected. Shutting down filesystem
[118760.024710] XFS (rbd0): Please umount the filesystem and rectify the problem(s)
[118760.024766] XFS (rbd0): Unable to update superblock counters. Freespace may not be correct on next mount.
[118858.837102] XFS (rbd0): Mounting V5 Filesystem
[118858.872345] XFS (rbd0): Ending clean mount
[173522.968410] rbd: rbd0: encountered watch error: -107
[176701.031429] rbd: image testimage8: unsupported stripe unit (got 2097152 want 33554432)
[176827.317008] rbd: image testimage8: unsupported stripe unit (got 2097152 want 33554432)
[177423.107103] rbd: image testimage8: unsupported stripe unit (got 2097152 want 33554432)
[177452.820032] rbd: image testimage8: unsupported stripe unit (got 2097152 want 33554432)
3、排错发现rbd不支持条带特性需要需要使用rbd-nbd
rbd-nbd支持所有的新特性，后续map时也不需要disable新特性，但是linux内核默认没有nbd模块，需要编译内核安装，可以参考下面链接https://blog.csdn.net/miaodichiyou/article/details/76050361
[root@idcv-ceph2 ~]# wget http://vault.centos.org/7.5.1804/updates/Source/SPackages/kernel-3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.src.rpm
[root@idcv-ceph2 ~]# rpm -ivh kernel-3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.src.rpm
[root@idcv-ceph2 ~]# cd /root/rpmbuild/
[root@idcv-ceph0 rpmbuild]# cd SOURCES/
[root@idcv-ceph0 SOURCES]# tar Jxvf linux-3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.tar.xz -C /usr/src/kernels/
[root@idcv-ceph0 SOURCES]# cd /usr/src/kernels/
[root@idcv-ceph0 kernels]# mv 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64-old
[root@idcv-ceph0 kernels]# mv linux-3.10.0-862.2.3.el7 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# cd 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# mkdir mrproper
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# cp ../3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64-old/Module.symvers ./
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# cp /boot/config-3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.x86_64 ./.config
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# yum install elfutils-libelf-devel
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# make prepare
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# make scripts
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# make CONFIG_BLK_DEV_NBD=m M=drivers/block
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# modinfo nbd
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# cp drivers/block/nbd.ko /lib/modules/3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/block/
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# depmod -a
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# modprobe nbd
[root@idcv-ceph0 3.10.0-862.6.3.el7.x86_64]# lsmod |grep nbd
nbd 17554 5
4、使用rbd-nbd映射image
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# rbd-nbd map test_pool/testimage17
/dev/nbd0
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# rbd info test_pool/testimage17
rbd image 'testimage17':
size 10240 MB in 1280 objects
order 23 (8192 kB objects)
block_name_prefix: rbd_data.112d74b0dc51
format: 2
features: layering, striping
flags:
stripe unit: 1024 kB
stripe count: 8
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/nbd0
meta-data=/dev/nbd0 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=655360 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=2621440, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# mount /dev/nbd0 /mnt/ceph-8M/
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root 100G 3.5G 96G 4% /
devtmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 7.8G 12M 7.8G 1% /run
tmpfs 7.8G 0 7.8G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 497M 150M 348M 31% /boot
tmpfs 1.6G 0 1.6G 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 95G 40G 56G 42% /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-0
/dev/rbd0 10G 7.9G 2.2G 79% /mnt/ceph-disk0
/dev/rbd1 10G 7.9G 2.2G 79% /mnt/ceph-4M
/dev/nbd0 10G 33M 10G 1% /mnt/ceph-8M
5、dd测试性能
object-size为8M
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-8M/file0-1 count=800 bs=10M conv=fsync
800+0 records in
800+0 records out
8388608000 bytes (8.4 GB) copied, 50.964 s, 165 MB/s
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-8M/file0-1 count=80 bs=100M conv=fsync
80+0 records in
80+0 records out
8388608000 bytes (8.4 GB) copied, 26.3178 s, 319 MB/s
object-size为32M
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-32M]# rbd info test_pool/testimage18
rbd image 'testimage18':
size 40960 MB in 1280 objects
order 25 (32768 kB objects)
block_name_prefix: rbd_data.11052ae8944a
format: 2
features: layering, striping, exclusive-lock, object-map, fast-diff, deep-flatten
flags:
stripe unit: 2048 kB
stripe count: 8
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-32M]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-32M/file0-1 count=2000 bs=10M conv=fsync
2000+0 records in
2000+0 records out
20971520000 bytes (21 GB) copied, 67.4266 s, 311 MB/s
[root@idcv-ceph0 ceph-32M]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-32M/file0-1 count=20000 bs=1M conv=fsync
20000+0 records in
20000+0 records out
20971520000 bytes (21 GB) copied, 61.7757 s, 339 MB/s
6、测试方法汇总
4m cnt=1
4k cnt=1
32M cnt=8，16
dd测试
1M
100M
32M /mnt/ceph-32M-8 /mnt/ceph-32M-16
rbd create test_pool/testimage8 --size 10240 --object-size 32M --stripe-unit 2097152 --stripe-count 16
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-32M-16/file32M count=80 bs=100M conv=fsync
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-32M-16/file32M count=8000 bs=1M conv=fsync
rbd create test_pool/testimage19 --size 10240 --object-size 32M --stripe-unit 4194304 --stripe-count 8
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-32M-8/file32M count=80 bs=100M conv=fsync
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-32M-8/file32M count=8000 bs=1M conv=fsync
4M /mnt/ceph-4M
rbd create test_pool/testimage11 --size 10240 --object-size 4M
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-4M/file4M count=80 bs=100M conv=fsync
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-4M/file4M count=8000 bs=1M conv=fsync
4K /mnt/ceph-4K
rbd create test_pool/testimage12 --size 10240 --object-size 4K
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-4K/file4K count=80 bs=100M conv=fsync
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-4K/file4K count=8000 bs=1M conv=fsync
7、dd测试结果汇总
8、使用fio随机写测试
先安装fio
yum install libaio-devel
wget http://brick.kernel.dk/snaps/fio-2.1.10.tar.gz
tar zxf fio-2.1.10.tar.gz
cd fio-2.1.10/
make
make install
32M-8
fio -ioengine=libaio -bs=1m -direct=1 -thread -rw=randwrite -size=4G -filename=/dev/nbd4 -name="EBS 1m randwrite test" -iodepth=1 -runtime=60
Run status group 0 (all jobs):
WRITE: io=4096.0MB, aggrb=272729KB/s, minb=272729KB/s, maxb=272729KB/s, mint=15379msec, maxt=15379msec
Disk stats (read/write):
nbd4: ios=0/32280, merge=0/0, ticks=0/36624, in_queue=36571, util=97.61%
fio -ioengine=libaio -bs=100m -direct=1 -thread -rw=randwrite -size=4G -filename=/dev/nbd4 -name="EBS 100m randwrite test" -iodepth=1 -runtime=60
Run status group 0 (all jobs):
WRITE: io=4000.0MB, aggrb=326504KB/s, minb=326504KB/s, maxb=326504KB/s, mint=12545msec, maxt=12545msec
Disk stats (read/write):
nbd4: ios=0/31391, merge=0/0, ticks=0/1592756, in_queue=1597878, util=97.04%
32M-16
fio -ioengine=libaio -bs=1m -direct=1 -thread -rw=randwrite -size=4G -filename=/dev/nbd3 -name="EBS 1m randwrite test" -iodepth=1 -runtime=60
fio -ioengine=libaio -bs=100m -direct=1 -thread -rw=randwrite -size=4G -filename=/dev/nbd3 -name="EBS 100m randwrite test" -iodepth=1 -runtime=60
4M
fio -ioengine=libaio -bs=1m -direct=1 -thread -rw=randwrite -size=4G -filename=/dev/rbd1 -name="EBS 1m randwrite test" -iodepth=1 -runtime=60
fio -ioengine=libaio -bs=100m -direct=1 -thread -rw=randwrite -size=4G -filename=/dev/rbd1 -name="EBS 100m randwrite test" -iodepth=1 -runtime=60
4K
fio -ioengine=libaio -bs=1m -direct=1 -thread -rw=randwrite -size=400M -filename=/dev/rbd2 -name="EBS 1m randwrite test" -iodepth=1 -runtime=60
fio -ioengine=libaio -bs=100m -direct=1 -thread -rw=randwrite -size=400M -filename=/dev/rbd2 -name="EBS 100m randwrite test" -iodepth=1 -runtime=60
9、fio测试
38f8
结果汇总
三、使用s3brower测试对象存储读写
1、创建对象存储账号密码[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# radosgw-admin user create --uid=test --display-name="test" --access-key=123456 --secret=123456
[root@idcv-ceph0 cluster]# radosgw-admin user info --uid=test
{
"user_id": "test",
"display_name": "test",
"email": "",
"suspended": 0,
"max_buckets": 1000,
"auid": 0,
"subusers": [],
"keys": [
{
"user": "test",
"access_key": "123456",
"secret_key": "123456"
}
],
"swift_keys": [],
"caps": [],
"op_mask": "read, write, delete",
"default_placement": "",
"placement_tags": [],
"bucket_quota": {
"enabled": false,
"max_size_kb": -1,
"max_objects": -1
},
"user_quota": {
"enabled": false,
"max_size_kb": -1,
"max_objects": -1
},
"temp_url_keys": []
}
2、安装配置s3brower
3、创建bucket上传下载测试
四、使用s3fs挂载挂载对象存储读写
测试对象存储方式写入文件，从rbd方式读目录1、安装部署
https://github.com/s3fs-fuse/s3fs-fuse/releases
安装
查看README
On CentOS 7:
sudo yum install automake fuse fuse-devel gcc-c++ git libcurl-devel libxml2-devel make openssl-devel
Then compile from master via the following commands:
git clone https://github.com/s3fs-fuse/s3fs-fuse.git cd s3fs-fuse ./autogen.sh ./configure make sudo make install
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# wget https://github.com/s3fs-fuse/s3fs-fuse/archive/v1.83.tar.gz
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# ls
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# tar zxvf v1.83.tar.gz
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# cd s3fs-fuse-1.83/
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# ls
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# vi README.md
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# yum install automake fuse fuse-devel gcc-c++ git libcurl-devel libxml2-devel make openssl-devel
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# ./autogen.sh
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# ls
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# ./configure
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# make
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# make install
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# mkdir /mnt/s3
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# vi /root/.passwd-s3fs
[root@idcv-ceph0 s3fs-fuse-1.83]# chmod 600 /root/.passwd-s3fs
2、挂载
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# s3fs testbucket /mnt/s3 -o url=http://172.20.1.139:7480 -o umask=0022 -o use_path_request_style
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb1 95G 75G 21G 79% /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-0
/dev/rbd1 10G 7.9G 2.2G 79% /mnt/ceph-4M
/dev/rbd2 10G 814M 9.2G 8% /mnt/ceph-4K
/dev/nbd3 10G 7.9G 2.2G 79% /mnt/ceph-32M-16
/dev/nbd4 10G 33M 10G 1% /mnt/ceph-32M-8
s3fs 256T 0 256T 0% /mnt/s3
3、验证读写
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# ls /mnt/s3/images/
kernel-3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.src.rpm nbd.ko test.jpg
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# cp /etc/hosts
hosts hosts.allow hosts.deny
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# cp /etc/hosts /mnt/s3/images/
[root@idcv-ceph0 ~]# ls /mnt/s3/images/
hosts kernel-3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.src.rpm nbd.ko test.jpg
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