流畅的Python 第4章: 文本和字节序列

>>> s = 'café'
>>> len(s)
4
>>> b = s.encode('utf8')
>>> b
b'caf\xc3\xa9'
>>> len(b)
5
>>> b.decode('utf8')
'café'

bytes 或 bytearray 对象的各个元素是介于 0~255（含）之间的整数

>>> cafe = bytes('café', encoding='utf_8')
>>> cafe
b'caf\xc3\xa9'
>>> cafe_arr = bytearray(cafe)
>>> cafe_arr
bytearray(b'caf\xc3\xa9')
>>>

>>> s1 = 'Spicy Jalape\u00f1o'
>>> s2 = 'Spicy Jalapen\u0303o'
>>> s
'café'
>>> s2
'Spicy Jalapeño'
>>> s1 == s2
False
>>> import unicodedata
>>> t1 = unicodedata.normalize('NFC', s1)
>>> t2 = unicodedata.normalize('NFC', s2)
>>> t1 == t2
True
>>> print(ascii(t1))
'Spicy Jalape\xf1o'
>>>