大数据：Spark Core（二）Driver上的Task的生成、分配、调度

1. 什么是Task?

在前面的章节里描述过几个角色，Driver(Client),Master,Worker(Executor)，Driver会提交Application到Master进行Worker上的Executor上的调度，显然这些都不是Task.

Spark上的几个关系可以这样理解：

Application: Application是Driver在构建SparkContent的上下文的时候创建的，就像申报员，现在要构建一个能完成任务的集群，需要申报的是这次需要多少个Executor(可以简单理解为虚拟的机器)，每个Executor需要多少CPU,多少内存。
Job: 这是Driver在调用Action的时候生成的Job，让DAGScheduler线程进行最后的调度，代表着这时候RDD的状态分析完了，需要进行最后的Stage分析了，Job并不是提交给Executor运行的，一个Application存在多个Job
Task: 一个Job可以分成多个Task, 相当于这些Task分到了一个Group里，这个Group的ID就是Job ID

2. Task的类型

Task的类型和Stage相关，关于Stage，以及Stage之间的相关依赖构成任务的不同提交，就不在这篇描述了

ShuffleMapStage 转化成 ShuffleMapTask

ResultStage 转化成为 ResultTask

当Spark上的action算子，通过DAG进行提交任务的时候，会通过Stage来决定提交什么类型的任务，具体的实现都在DAGScheduler.scala 的submitMissingTasks方法中。

3. 同一个Stage的Task数量

Spark是一个分布式的执行任务的框架，那么同一个Stage的并行任务的拆分就非常的重要，在任务的分解中并不只是stage的步骤的分解，同时也是对同一个Stage中的要分析的数据分解，而对数据的分解直接决定对同一个Stage所提交的任务的数量。对Stage的任务拆解决定着任务的之间的关系，而对同一个Stage的分析数据进行拆解控制着任务的数量。

比如基于拆解的分析数据的而执行的算子象map，这些任务都是独立的，并没有对数据进行最后的归并和整理，这些task是完全可以进行并行计算的，对同一个Stage的task的数量在Spark上是可以控制的。

在这里以ParallelCollectionRDD为简单的例子，先看DAGScheduler.submitMissingTasks的方法

[java] view
plain copy

print?

private def submitMissingTasks(stage: Stage, jobId: Int) {

logDebug("submitMissingTasks(" + stage + ")")

// Get our pending tasks and remember them in our pendingTasks entry

stage.pendingPartitions.clear()

// First figure out the indexes of partition ids to compute.

val partitionsToCompute: Seq[Int] = stage.findMissingPartitions()

。。。。。。。。。。。

val tasks: Seq[Task[_]] = try {

stage match {

case stage: ShuffleMapStage =>

partitionsToCompute.map { id =>

val locs = taskIdToLocations(id)

val part = stage.rdd.partitions(id)

new ShuffleMapTask(stage.id, stage.latestInfo.attemptId,

taskBinary, part, locs, stage.latestInfo.taskMetrics, properties, Option(jobId),

Option(sc.applicationId), sc.applicationAttemptId)

}

case stage: ResultStage =>

partitionsToCompute.map { id =>

val p: Int = stage.partitions(id)

val part = stage.rdd.partitions(p)

val locs = taskIdToLocations(id)

new ResultTask(stage.id, stage.latestInfo.attemptId,

taskBinary, part, locs, id, properties, stage.latestInfo.taskMetrics,

Option(jobId), Option(sc.applicationId), sc.applicationAttemptId)

}

}

} catch {

case NonFatal(e) =>

abortStage(stage, s"Task creation failed: $e\n${Utils.exceptionString(e)}", Some(e))

runningStages -= stage

return

}

生产task的数量是由val partitionsToCompute: Seq[Int] = stage.findMissingPartitions()来决定的，在ShuffleMapStage里

[java] view
plain copy

print?

override def findMissingPartitions(): Seq[Int] = {

val missing = (0 until numPartitions).filter(id => outputLocs(id).isEmpty)

assert(missing.size == numPartitions - _numAvailableOutputs,

s"${missing.size} missing, expected ${numPartitions - _numAvailableOutputs}")

missing

}

可以看到具体是由numPartitions来决定的，在来看numPartitions

[java] view
plain copy

print?

val numPartitions = rdd.partitions.length

由rdd.partitions来决定的,对ShuffleMapStage来说rdd就是最后一个value类型的transformation 的RDD，比如常见的MapPartitionsRDD

在MapPartitionsRDD来说的partitions

[java] view
plain copy

print?

override def getPartitions: Array[Partition] = firstParent[T].partitions

是transformation的算子链中的第一个，我们以ParallelCollectionRDD为例子，比如常见的对应的例子:

[java] view
plain copy

print?

sparkcontext.parallelize(exampleApacheLogs)

在ParallelCollectionRDD中

[java] view
plain copy

print?

override def getPartitions: Array[Partition] = {

val slices = ParallelCollectionRDD.slice(data, numSlices).toArray

slices.indices.map(i => new ParallelCollectionPartition(id, i, slices(i))).toArray

}

在ParallelCollectionRDD中数据的Partitions是由numSlices来决定的

[java] view
plain copy

print?

def parallelize[T: ClassTag](

seq: Seq[T],

numSlices: Int = defaultParallelism): RDD[T] = withScope {

assertNotStopped()

new ParallelCollectionRDD[T](this, seq, numSlices, Map[Int, Seq[String]]())

}

numSlices 是可以在parallelize函数中传入，而默认使用defaultParallelism的参数控制

[java] view
plain copy

print?

def defaultParallelism: Int = {

assertNotStopped()

taskScheduler.defaultParallelism

}

override def defaultParallelism(): Int = backend.defaultParallelism()

在CoarseGrainedSchedulerBackend.scala 的类中:

[java] view
plain copy

print?

override def defaultParallelism(): Int = {

conf.getInt("spark.default.parallelism", math.max(totalCoreCount.get(), 2))

}

默认的值是受以下控制：

配置文件spark.default.parallelism
totalCoreCount 的值： CoarseGrainedSchedulerBackend是一个executor管理的backend，里面维护着executor的信息，totalCoreCount就是executor汇报上来的核数，注意因为executor汇报自己是在application分配好后发生的，汇报的信息和获取totalCoreCount的线程是异步的，也就是如果executor没有汇报上来，totalCoreCount.get（）的值并不准确（根绝Master对executor的分配策略，是无法保证分配多少个executor,
在这里spark更依赖executor主动的向driver汇报），这里的策略是无法保证准确的获取executor的核数。
如果没有设置spark.default.parallelism，最小值是2

依赖于rdd.partitions的策略，最后决定task的分配数量。

4. Task的提交和调度分配

在本篇中主要描述集群下的任务调度

4.1 Task的提交

在DAGScheduler将一个Stage中所分配的Task形成一个TaskSet进行提交，在TaskSet里所保存的是Task的集合，还有Stage的Id，以及JobId，注意在这里JobId是作为一个优先级的参数，作为后序队列调度的参数。

在TaskSchedulerImpl.scala中

[java] view
plain copy

print?

override def submitTasks(taskSet: TaskSet) {

val tasks = taskSet.tasks

logInfo("Adding task set " + taskSet.id + " with " + tasks.length + " tasks")

this.synchronized {

val manager = createTaskSetManager(taskSet, maxTaskFailures)

val stage = taskSet.stageId

val stageTaskSets =

taskSetsByStageIdAndAttempt.getOrElseUpdate(stage, new HashMap[Int, TaskSetManager])

stageTaskSets(taskSet.stageAttemptId) = manager

val conflictingTaskSet = stageTaskSets.exists { case (_, ts) =>

ts.taskSet != taskSet && !ts.isZombie

}

if (conflictingTaskSet) {

throw new IllegalStateException(s"more than one active taskSet for stage $stage:" +

s" ${stageTaskSets.toSeq.map{_._2.taskSet.id}.mkString(",")}")

}

schedulableBuilder.addTaskSetManager(manager, manager.taskSet.properties)

if (!isLocal && !hasReceivedTask) {

starvationTimer.scheduleAtFixedRate(new TimerTask() {

override def run() {

if (!hasLaunchedTask) {

logWarning("Initial job has not accepted any resources; " +

"check your cluster UI to ensure that workers are registered " +

"and have sufficient resources")

} else {

this.cancel()

}

}

}, STARVATION_TIMEOUT_MS, STARVATION_TIMEOUT_MS)

}

hasReceivedTask = true

}

backend.reviveOffers()

}

将TaskSet 封装成TaskSetManager，通过schedulableBuilder去添加TaskSetManager到队列中，在Spark中，有两种形态



FIFOSchedulableBuilder: 单一pool
FairSchedulableBuilder: 多个pool

4.1.1 FairSchedulableBuilder pool池

通过fairsscheduler.xml的模版来设置参数来控制pool的调度

[html] view
plain copy

print?

<allocations>

<pool name="production1">

<schedulingMode>FAIR</schedulingMode>

<weight>3</weight>

<minShare>4</minShare>

</pool>

<pool name="<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">production2</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"></span>

<schedulingMode><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.0470588);">FAIR</span></schedulingMode>

<weight>5</weight>

<minShare>2</minShare>

</pool>

</allocations>

参数的定义：

name: 调度池的名称，可根据该参数使用指定pool，EX: sc.setLocalProperty("spark.scheduler.pool", "production1")
weight: 调度池的权重，调度池根据该参数分配资源。
minShare: 调度池需要的最小资源数（CPU核数），公平调度器首先会尝试为每个调度池分配最少minShare资源，然后剩余资源才会按照weight大小继续分配
schedulingMode: 调度池内的调度模式

在TaskSchedulerImpl在submitTasks添加TaskSetManager到pool后，调用了backend.reviveOffers();

[java] view
plain copy

print?

override def reviveOffers() {

driverEndpoint.send(ReviveOffers)

}

[plain] view
plain copy

print?

是向driver的endpoint发送了reviveoffers的消息，Spark中的许多操作都是通过消息来传递的，哪怕DAGScheduler的线程和endpoint的线程都是同一个Driver进程

4.2 Task的分配

Netty 的dispatcher线程接受到revievoffers的消息后，CoarseGrainedSchedulerBackend

[plain] view
plain copy

print?

case ReviveOffers =>

makeOffers()

调用了makeoffers函数

[plain] view
plain copy

print?

private def makeOffers() {

// Filter out executors under killing

val activeExecutors = executorDataMap.filterKeys(executorIsAlive)

val workOffers = activeExecutors.map { case (id, executorData) =>

new WorkerOffer(id, executorData.executorHost, executorData.freeCores)

}.toIndexedSeq

launchTasks(scheduler.resourceOffers(workOffers))

}

makeOffers里进行了资源的调度，netty中接收所有的信息，同时也在CoarseGrainedSchedulerBackend中维护着executor的状态map:executorDataMap，executor的状态是executor主动汇报的。

通过scheduler.resourceOffers来进行task的资源分配到executor中

[java] view
plain copy

print?

def resourceOffers(offers: IndexedSeq[WorkerOffer]): Seq[Seq[TaskDescription]] = synchronized {

// Mark each slave as alive and remember its hostname

// Also track if new executor is added

var newExecAvail = false

for (o <- offers) {

if (!hostToExecutors.contains(o.host)) {

hostToExecutors(o.host) = new HashSet[String]()

}

if (!executorIdToRunningTaskIds.contains(o.executorId)) {

hostToExecutors(o.host) += o.executorId

executorAdded(o.executorId, o.host)

executorIdToHost(o.executorId) = o.host

executorIdToRunningTaskIds(o.executorId) = HashSet[Long]()

newExecAvail = true

}

for (rack <- getRackForHost(o.host)) {

hostsByRack.getOrElseUpdate(rack, new HashSet[String]()) += o.host

}

}

// Randomly shuffle offers to avoid always placing tasks on the same set of workers.

val shuffledOffers = Random.shuffle(offers)

// Build a list of tasks to assign to each worker.

val tasks = shuffledOffers.map(o => new ArrayBuffer[TaskDescription](o.cores))

val availableCpus = shuffledOffers.map(o => o.cores).toArray

val sortedTaskSets = rootPool.getSortedTaskSetQueue

for (taskSet <- sortedTaskSets) {

logDebug("parentName: %s, name: %s, runningTasks: %s".format(

taskSet.parent.name, taskSet.name, taskSet.runningTasks))

if (newExecAvail) {

taskSet.executorAdded()

}

}

// Take each TaskSet in our scheduling order, and then offer it each node in increasing order

// of locality levels so that it gets a chance to launch local tasks on all of them.

// NOTE: the preferredLocality order: PROCESS_LOCAL, NODE_LOCAL, NO_PREF, RACK_LOCAL, ANY

for (taskSet <- sortedTaskSets) {

var launchedAnyTask = false

var launchedTaskAtCurrentMaxLocality = false

for (currentMaxLocality <- taskSet.myLocalityLevels) {

do {

launchedTaskAtCurrentMaxLocality = resourceOfferSingleTaskSet(

taskSet, currentMaxLocality, shuffledOffers, availableCpus, tasks)

launchedAnyTask |= launchedTaskAtCurrentMaxLocality

} while (launchedTaskAtCurrentMaxLocality)

}

if (!launchedAnyTask) {

taskSet.abortIfCompletelyBlacklisted(hostToExecutors)

}

}

if (tasks.size > 0) {

hasLaunchedTask = true

}

return tasks

}

随机化了有效的executor的列表，为了均匀的分配
获取池里（前面已经提过油两种池）的排号序的taskSetManager的队列
对taskSetManager里面的task集合进行调度分配

4.2.1 taskSetManager队列的排序

这里的排序是对单个Pool里的taskSetManager进行排序，Spark有两种排序算法

[java] view
plain copy

print?

var taskSetSchedulingAlgorithm: SchedulingAlgorithm = {

schedulingMode match {

case SchedulingMode.FAIR =>

new FairSchedulingAlgorithm()

case SchedulingMode.FIFO =>

new FIFOSchedulingAlgorithm()

case _ =>

val msg = "Unsupported scheduling mode: $schedulingMode. Use FAIR or FIFO instead."

throw new IllegalArgumentException(msg)

}

}

在这里就简单介绍FIFOSchedulingAlgorithm的算法

[java] view
plain copy

print?

private[spark] class FIFOSchedulingAlgorithm extends SchedulingAlgorithm {

override def comparator(s1: Schedulable, s2: Schedulable): Boolean = {

val priority1 = s1.priority

val priority2 = s2.priority

var res = math.signum(priority1 - priority2)

if (res == 0) {

val stageId1 = s1.stageId

val stageId2 = s2.stageId

res = math.signum(stageId1 - stageId2)

}

res < 0

}

}

这里的priority 就是前面说到的JobID, 也就是JobID越小的排序在前面，在相通JobId下的StageId越小的排序在前面

4.2.2 单个TaskSetManager的task调度

TaskSetManager 里保存了TaskSet，也就是DAGScheduler里生成的tasks的集合，在TaskSchedulerImpl.scala中进行了单个的TaskSetManager进行调度

[java] view
plain copy

print?

private def resourceOfferSingleTaskSet(

taskSet: TaskSetManager,

maxLocality: TaskLocality,

shuffledOffers: Seq[WorkerOffer],

availableCpus: Array[Int],

tasks: IndexedSeq[ArrayBuffer[TaskDescription]]) : Boolean = {

var launchedTask = false

for (i <- 0 until shuffledOffers.size) {

val execId = shuffledOffers(i).executorId

val host = shuffledOffers(i).host

if (availableCpus(i) >= CPUS_PER_TASK) {

try {

for (task <- taskSet.resourceOffer(execId, host, maxLocality)) {

tasks(i) += task

val tid = task.taskId

taskIdToTaskSetManager(tid) = taskSet

taskIdToExecutorId(tid) = execId

executorIdToRunningTaskIds(execId).add(tid)

availableCpus(i) -= CPUS_PER_TASK

assert(availableCpus(i) >= 0)

launchedTask = true

}

} catch {

case e: TaskNotSerializableException =>

logError(s"Resource offer failed, task set ${taskSet.name} was not serializable")

// Do not offer resources for this task, but don't throw an error to allow other

// task sets to be submitted.

return launchedTask

}

}

}

return launchedTask

}

在这里，我们看到了一个参数CPUS_PER_TASK

[java] view
plain copy

print?

val CPUS_PER_TASK = conf.getInt("spark.task.cpus", 1)

在spark里，我们可以设置task所使用的cpu的数量，默认是1个，一个task任务在executor中是启动一个线程来执行的

通过计算每个executor的剩余资源，决定是否需要从tasksetmanager里分配出task.

[java] view
plain copy

print?

def resourceOffer(

execId: String,

host: String,

maxLocality: TaskLocality.TaskLocality)

: Option[TaskDescription] =

{

.....

dequeueTask(execId, host, allowedLocality).map { case ((index, taskLocality, speculative)) =>

......

new TaskDescription(taskId = taskId, attemptNumber = attemptNum, execId,

taskName, index, serializedTask)

}

} else {

None

}

}

核心函数dequeueTask

[java] view
plain copy

print?

private def dequeueTask(execId: String, host: String, maxLocality: TaskLocality.Value)

: Option[(Int, TaskLocality.Value, Boolean)] =

{

for (index <- dequeueTaskFromList(execId, host, getPendingTasksForExecutor(execId))) {

return Some((index, TaskLocality.PROCESS_LOCAL, false))

}

if (TaskLocality.isAllowed(maxLocality, TaskLocality.NODE_LOCAL)) {

for (index <- dequeueTaskFromList(execId, host, getPendingTasksForHost(host))) {

return Some((index, TaskLocality.NODE_LOCAL, false))

}

}

if (TaskLocality.isAllowed(maxLocality, TaskLocality.NO_PREF)) {

// Look for noPref tasks after NODE_LOCAL for minimize cross-rack traffic

for (index <- dequeueTaskFromList(execId, host, pendingTasksWithNoPrefs)) {

return Some((index, TaskLocality.PROCESS_LOCAL, false))

}

}

if (TaskLocality.isAllowed(maxLocality, TaskLocality.RACK_LOCAL)) {

for {

rack <- sched.getRackForHost(host)

index <- dequeueTaskFromList(execId, host, getPendingTasksForRack(rack))

} {

return Some((index, TaskLocality.RACK_LOCAL, false))

}

}

if (TaskLocality.isAllowed(maxLocality, TaskLocality.ANY)) {

for (index <- dequeueTaskFromList(execId, host, allPendingTasks)) {

return Some((index, TaskLocality.ANY, false))

}

}

// find a speculative task if all others tasks have been scheduled

dequeueSpeculativeTask(execId, host, maxLocality).map {

case (taskIndex, allowedLocality) => (taskIndex, allowedLocality, true)}

}

在Spark中为了尽量分配任务到task所需的资源的本地,依据task里的preferredLocations所保存的需要资源的位置进行分配

尽量分配到task到task所需资源相同的executor里执行，比如ExecutorCacheTaskLocation，HDFSCacheTaskLocation
尽量分配到task里task所需资源相通的host里执行
task的数组从最后向前开始分配

分配完生成TaskDescription，里面记录着taskId, execId, task在数组的位置，和task的整个序列化的内容

4.2.3 Launch Tasks

[java] view
plain copy

print?

private def launchTasks(tasks: Seq[Seq[TaskDescription]]) {

for (task <- tasks.flatten) {

val serializedTask = ser.serialize(task)

if (serializedTask.limit >= maxRpcMessageSize) {

scheduler.taskIdToTaskSetManager.get(task.taskId).foreach { taskSetMgr =>

try {

var msg = "Serialized task %s:%d was %d bytes, which exceeds max allowed: " +

"spark.rpc.message.maxSize (%d bytes). Consider increasing " +

"spark.rpc.message.maxSize or using broadcast variables for large values."

msg = msg.format(task.taskId, task.index, serializedTask.limit, maxRpcMessageSize)

taskSetMgr.abort(msg)

} catch {

case e: Exception => logError("Exception in error callback", e)

}

}

}

else {

val executorData = executorDataMap(task.executorId)

executorData.freeCores -= scheduler.CPUS_PER_TASK

logDebug(s"Launching task ${task.taskId} on executor id: ${task.executorId} hostname: " +

s"${executorData.executorHost}.")

executorData.executorEndpoint.send(LaunchTask(new SerializableBuffer(serializedTask)))

}

}

}

这里的逻辑就相对比较简单，TaskDescription里面包含着executorId，而CoarseGrainedSchedulerBackend里有executor的信息，根据executorId获取到executor的通讯端口，发送LunchTask的信息。

这里有个RPC的消息的大小控制，如果序列化的task的内容超过了最大RPC的消息，这个任务会被丢弃

[java] view
plain copy

print?

/** Returns the configured max message size for messages in bytes. */

def maxMessageSizeBytes(conf: SparkConf): Int = {

val maxSizeInMB = conf.getInt("spark.rpc.message.maxSize", 128)

if (maxSizeInMB > MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE_IN_MB) {

throw new IllegalArgumentException(

s"spark.rpc.message.maxSize should not be greater than $MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE_IN_MB MB")

}

maxSizeInMB * 1024 * 1024

}

可以看到最大的消息大小是128M，可以通过spark.rpc.message.maxSize进行配置