038-LVM配置过程详解
2017-09-04 00:00
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1. 理解LVM概念
LVM:logical Volume Manager 逻辑卷管理器
VG：Volume Group 卷组，是单个或多个物理卷的集合
PV：physical volume 物理卷，物理卷是LVM的逻辑存储块，物理卷是磁盘分区的逻辑对应关系，LVM提供的命令可以使物理磁盘进行物理卷的分区，之后多个物理卷形成卷组
LV:Logical Volume 逻辑卷，就是LVM逻辑上的分区，我们可以指定从卷组中提取多少容量来创建逻辑卷，最后对逻辑卷格式化并挂载使用
PE：physical Extent，物理长度是将物理卷组合成为卷组后，所划分的最小存储单位，即逻辑意义上磁盘的最小存储单元，LVM默认PE大小为4MB
2. 使用命令（pvcreate,vgcreate,lvcreate,pvs,vgs,lvs）
之前一小节理解了概念，那么如何理论加实践？pvcreate将分区转换为物理卷的命令。vgcreate是将物理卷整合成卷组，lvcreate是将卷组中提取的容量创建逻辑卷 ，创建完成之后用pvdisplay,vgdisplay,lvdisplay 可以查看状态。pvcreate: pvcreate /dev/sda
vgcreate:vgcreate VGgroup00 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2
vgcreate VGgroup01 -s 16M /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 ＃定义ＰＥ大小１６Ｍ
lvcreate: lvcreate -L 1G -n test-lv test-vg #创建容量为1G的逻辑卷
lvcreate -l 200 -n test-lv test-vg ＃使用２００个ＰＥ创建逻辑卷，ＰＥ大小为１６Ｍ
lvcreate -L 1G -n test-lv test-vg /dev/sda3 #指定使用/dev/sdb6这个物理卷的存储空间
3.实战演练
3.1 分区
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
VolGroup00 1 6 0 wz--n- 98.97g 8.97g
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 VolGroup00 lvm2 a-- 98.97g 8.97g
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
LVhome VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 2.00g
LVpalog VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 30.00g
LVroot VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 20.00g
LVswap VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 8.00g
LVtmp VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 10.00g
LVvar VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 20.00g
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xa4652d68.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-6527, default 1): 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-6527, default 6527): 2000
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xa4652d68
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 2000 16064968+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (2001-6527, default 2001):
Using default value 2001
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (2001-6527, default 6527): 4000
...重复操作...
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 2000 16064968+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2001 4000 16065000 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 4001 6527 20298127+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.使用fdisk工具只是将分区信息写到磁盘，如果需要mkfs磁盘分区则需要重启系统，而使用partprobe则可以使kernel重新读取分区信息，从而避免重启系统。
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb
3.2 使用pvdisplay查看结果
这个时候的sda4是没有进行物理卷的生成[root@cnsz142728 ~]# pvdisplay --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sda2 VG Name VolGroup00 PV Size 99.00 GiB / not usable 31.00 MiB Allocatable yes PE Size 32.00 MiB Total PE 3167 Free PE 287 Allocated PE 2880 PV UUID ysQSII-3CCh-8PiV-Of3P-5iXh-kSFc-1QZb8P "/dev/sdb1" is a new physical volume of "15.32 GiB" --- NEW Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sdb1 VG Name PV Size 15.32 GiB Allocatable NO PE Size 0 Total PE 0 Free PE 0 Allocated PE 0 PV UUID SrPRqp-yyhm-LcX5-KVHk-upN2-A1zo-cw06T6 "/dev/sdb2" is a new physical volume of "15.32 GiB" --- NEW Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sdb2 VG Name PV Size 15.32 GiB Allocatable NO PE Size 0 Total PE 0 Free PE 0 Allocated PE 0 PV UUID 3gPnzn-m4sc-UE8K-Dq9i-hP5D-vnIm-Q0xUNf
3.3 创建卷组
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# vgcreate Catlron_007 /dev/sdb{1,2}
Volume group "Catlron_007" successfully created
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 VolGroup00 lvm2 a-- 98.97g 8.97g
/dev/sdb1 Catlron_007 lvm2 a-- 15.32g 15.32g
/dev/sdb2 Catlron_007 lvm2 a-- 15.32g 15.32g
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name Catlron_007
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 30.63 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 7842
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 7842 / 30.63 GiB
VG UUID OQfuUj-uQAk-bMXs-CZn1-NUkg-IwTv-gNuW3o
--- Volume group ---
VG Name VolGroup00
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 7
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 6
Open LV 6
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 98.97 GiB
PE Size 32.00 MiB
Total PE 3167
Alloc PE / Size 2880 / 90.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 287 / 8.97 GiB
VG UUID jZb7ls-eYSl-Z9a7-esT2-8EnG-GS2w-phNLyI3.4 创建逻辑卷
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree Carlton_TT 2 0 0 wz--n- 30.63g 30.63g VolGroup00 1 6 0 wz--n- 98.97g 8.97g [root@cnsz142728 ~]# lvcreate -L 1G -n test VolGroup00 Logical volume "test" created [root@cnsz142728 ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree Carlton_TT 2 0 0 wz--n- 30.63g 30.63g VolGroup00 1 7 0 wz--n- 98.97g 7.97g [root@cnsz142728 ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert LVhome VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 2.00g LVpalog VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 30.00g LVroot VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 20.00g LVswap VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 8.00g LVtmp VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 10.00g LVvar VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 20.00g test VolGroup00 -wi-a----- 1.00g 如果出现报错，比如Faied to activate new LV 可以去看看/etc/lvm/lvm.conf 中的配置中是不是有卷组名称 # If any host tags exist but volume_list is not defined, a default # single-entry list containing "@*" is assumed. # volume_list = ["Carlton_TT" "VolGroup00", "VolGroup01", "VolGroup02", "@cnsz142728" ] [root@cnsz142728 ~]# mkdir /test/mumu [root@cnsz142728 ~]# mount /dev/Carlton_TT/music /test/mumu [root@cnsz142728 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVroot 20G 2.5G 17G 14% / /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVhome 2.0G 68M 1.9G 4% /home /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVtmp 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /tmp /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVvar 20G 292M 19G 2% /var /dev/sda1 1008M 63M 895M 7% /boot tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVpalog 30G 182M 28G 1% /palog /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-test 1008M 34M 924M 4% /test/web /dev/mapper/Carlton_TT-music 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /test/mumu
3.5 格式化并挂载磁盘
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/VolGroup00/test mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 65536 inodes, 262144 blocks 13107 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=268435456 8 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (8192 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 29 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. 看提示 tune2fs -i0 -c0 /dev/VolGroup00/test [root@cnsz142728 ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert LVhome VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 2.00g LVpalog VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 30.00g LVroot VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 20.00g LVswap VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 8.00g LVtmp VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 10.00g LVvar VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 20.00g test VolGroup00 -wi-a----- 1.00g [root@cnsz142728 ~]# mount /dev/VolGroup00/test /mnt/ [root@cnsz142728 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVroot 20G 2.5G 17G 14% / tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 1008M 63M 895M 7% /boot /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVhome 2.0G 68M 1.9G 4% /home /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVtmp 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /tmp /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVvar 20G 292M 19G 2% /var /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVpalog 30G 182M 28G 1% /palog /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-test 1008M 34M 924M 4% /mnt 设置自动挂载，如果没有挂载上去， 系统可以帮你挂载上去 [root@cnsz142728 ~]# cat >>/etc/fstab <<EOF > /dev/VolGroup00/test /test/web ext4 defaults 0 0 > EOF [root@cnsz142728 ~]# mount -a [root@cnsz142728 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVroot 20G 2.5G 17G 14% / tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/sda1 1008M 63M 895M 7% /boot /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVhome 2.0G 68M 1.9G 4% /home /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVtmp 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /tmp /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVvar 20G 292M 19G 2% /var /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVpalog 30G 182M 28G 1% /palog /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-test 1008M 34M 924M 4% /test/web
4.磁盘遇见问题的常见处理方式
4.1 逻辑卷不够用扩卷（由原来的1G扩到1.5G ）
可以线上操作，不会影响该卷的原来数据，lvextend -L +500M /dev/XXX 之后记得用resize2fs 进行生效[root@cnsz142728 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVroot 20G 2.5G 17G 14% / /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVhome 2.0G 68M 1.9G 4% /home /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVtmp 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /tmp /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVvar 20G 292M 19G 2% /var /dev/sda1 1008M 63M 895M 7% /boot tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVpalog 30G 182M 28G 1% /palog /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-test 1008M 34M 924M 4% /test/web /dev/mapper/Carlton_TT-music 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /test/mumu [root@cnsz142728 ~]# lvextend -L +500M /dev/VolGroup00/test Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 512.00 MiB Extending logical volume test to 1.50 GiB Logical volume test successfully resized [root@cnsz142728 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVroot 20G 2.5G 17G 14% / /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVhome 2.0G 68M 1.9G 4% /home /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVtmp 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /tmp /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVvar 20G 292M 19G 2% /var /dev/sda1 1008M 63M 895M 7% /boot tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVpalog 30G 182M 28G 1% /palog /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-test 1008M 34M 924M 4% /test/web /dev/mapper/Carlton_TT-music 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /test/mumu [root@cnsz142728 ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert music Carlton_TT -wi-ao---- 10.00g LVhome VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 2.00g LVpalog VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 30.00g LVroot VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 20.00g LVswap VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 8.00g LVtmp VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 10.00g LVvar VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 20.00g test VolGroup00 -wi-ao---- 1.50g [root@cnsz142728 ~]# resize2fs /dev/VolGroup00/test resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem at /dev/VolGroup00/test is mounted on /test/web; on-line resizing required old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1 Performing an on-line resize of /dev/VolGroup00/test to 393216 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/VolGroup00/test is now 393216 blocks long. [root@cnsz142728 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVroot 20G 2.5G 17G 14% / /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVhome 2.0G 68M 1.9G 4% /home /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVtmp 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /tmp /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVvar 20G 292M 19G 2% /var /dev/sda1 1008M 63M 895M 7% /boot tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVpalog 30G 182M 28G 1% /palog /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-test 1.5G 34M 1.4G 3% /test/web /dev/mapper/Carlton_TT-music 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /test/mumu
4.2 卷组不够用
vgextend 卷组名 /dev/sdb*[root@cnsz142728 ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda2 VolGroup00 lvm2 a-- 98.97g 7.47g /dev/sdb1 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 15.32g 5.32g /dev/sdb2 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 15.32g 15.32g [root@cnsz142728 ~]# fdisk -l |grep sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes /dev/sdb1 1 2000 16064968+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 2001 4000 16065000 83 Linux /dev/sdb4 4001 6527 20298127+ 83 Linux [root@cnsz142728 ~]# vgextend Carlton_TT /dev/sdb4 No physical volume label read from /dev/sdb4 Physical volume /dev/sdb4 not found Physical volume "/dev/sdb4" successfully created Volume group "Carlton_TT" successfully extended [root@cnsz142728 ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda2 VolGroup00 lvm2 a-- 98.97g 7.47g /dev/sdb1 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 15.32g 5.32g /dev/sdb2 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 15.32g 15.32g /dev/sdb4 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 19.36g 19.36g [root@cnsz142728 ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree Carlton_TT 3 1 0 wz--n- 49.99g 39.99g VolGroup00 1 7 0 wz--n- 98.97g 7.47g
4.3 当逻辑卷不够用时，可以缩卷
缩卷之间先umount,注意，逻辑卷和文件系统保持一样的大小
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/Carlton_TT-music e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information /dev/mapper/Carlton_TT-music: 11/655360 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 79663/2621440 blocks [root@cnsz142728 ~]# resize2fs /dev/mapper/Carlton_TT-music 500M resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/Carlton_TT-music to 128000 (4k) blocks. The filesystem on /dev/mapper/Carlton_TT-music is now 128000 blocks long. [root@cnsz142728 ~]# lvreduce -L 500M /dev/mapper/Carlton_TT-music WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 500.00 MiB THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.) Do you really want to reduce music? [y/n]: y Reducing logical volume music to 500.00 MiB Logical volume music successfully resized [root@cnsz142728 ~]# mount /dev/Carlton_TT/music /test/mumu [root@cnsz142728 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVroot 20G 2.5G 17G 14% / /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVhome 2.0G 68M 1.9G 4% /home /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVtmp 9.9G 151M 9.2G 2% /tmp /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVvar 20G 292M 19G 2% /var /dev/sda1 1008M 63M 895M 7% /boot tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LVpalog 30G 182M 28G 1% /palog /dev/mapper/VolGroup00-test 1.5G 34M 1.4G 3% /test/web /dev/mapper/Carlton_TT-music 492M 136M 332M 30% /test/mumu
4.4 如果某一块磁盘或者分区故障了如何将数据快速转移到相同的卷组其他的空间去
a、通过pvmove命令转移空间数据b、通过vgreduce命令将即将坏的磁盘或者分区从卷组vgdata里面移除除去。
c、通过pvremove命令将即将坏的磁盘或者分区从系统中删除掉。
d、手工拆除硬盘或者通过一些工具修复分区。
[root@cnsz142728 ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda2 VolGroup00 lvm2 a-- 98.97g 7.47g /dev/sdb1 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 15.32g 14.83g /dev/sdb2 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 15.32g 15.32g /dev/sdb4 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 19.36g 19.36g [root@cnsz142728 ~]# pvmove /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb1: Moved: 0.0% /dev/sdb1: Moved: 100.0% [root@cnsz142728 ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda2 VolGroup00 lvm2 a-- 98.97g 7.47g /dev/sdb1 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 15.32g 15.32g /dev/sdb2 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 15.32g 14.83g /dev/sdb4 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 19.36g 19.36g [root@cnsz142728 ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree Carlton_TT 3 1 0 wz--n- 49.99g 49.50g VolGroup00 1 7 0 wz--n- 98.97g 7.47g [root@cnsz142728 ~]# vgreduce Carlton_TT /dev/sdb1 Removed "/dev/sdb1" from volume group "Carlton_TT" [root@cnsz142728 ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree Carlton_TT 2 1 0 wz--n- 34.67g 34.18g VolGroup00 1 7 0 wz--n- 98.97g 7.47g [root@cnsz142728 ~]# pvremove /dev/sdb1 Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully wiped [root@cnsz142728 ~]# fdisk -l |grep sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes /dev/sdb1 1 2000 16064968+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 2001 4000 16065000 83 Linux /dev/sdb4 4001 6527 20298127+ 83 Linux [root@cnsz142728 ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda2 VolGroup00 lvm2 a-- 98.97g 7.47g /dev/sdb2 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 15.32g 14.83g /dev/sdb4 Carlton_TT lvm2 a-- 19.36g 19.36g
4.5 删除整个逻辑卷
a、先通过umount命令卸载掉逻辑卷testb、修改/etc/fstab里面逻辑卷的挂载信息，否则系统有可能启动不起来。
c、通过lvremove 删除逻辑卷test
d、通过vgremove 删除卷组Carlton_TT
e、通过pvremove 将物理卷转化成普通分区。
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