《机器学习实战》（一）knn算法

K最近邻（k-Nearest Neighbor，KNN）分类算法可以说是最简单的机器学习算法了。它采用测量不同特征值之间的距离方法进行分类。它的思想很简单：存在一个样本数据集合，也称作训练样本集，并且样本集中每个数据都存在标签，即我们知道样本集中每一个数据与所属分类的对应关系。输入没有标签的新数据后，将新数据的每个特征与样本集中数据对应的特征进行比较，然后算法提取样本集中最相似数据（最近邻）的分类标签。一般来说，只选择样本数据集中前 k 个最相似的数据，这就是KNN算法的出处, 通常k是不大于20的整数。最后，选择 k 个最相似数据中出现次数最多的分类，作为新数据的分类。

实验准备

numpy是python中的一款高性能科学计算和数据分析的基础包

matplotlib是一个Python的图形框架

代码如下

from numpy import *
from os import listdir
import operator

def classify0(inX, dataSet, labels, k):
dataSetSize = dataSet.shape[0]
diffMat = tile(inX, (dataSetSize, 1)) - dataSet
sqDiffMat = diffMat**2
sqDistances = sqDiffMat.sum(axis=1)
distances = sqDistances**0.5
sortedDistIndicies = distances.argsort()
classCount = {}
for i in range(k):
voteIlabel = labels[sortedDistIndicies[i]]
classCount[voteIlabel] = classCount.get(voteIlabel, 0) + 1
sortedClassCount = sorted(classCount.iteritems(), key=operator.itemgetter(1),
reverse=True)
return sortedClassCount[0][0]

def img2vector(filename):
rows = 32
cols = 32
returnVect = zeros((1, rows * cols))
fr = open(filename)
for row in range(rows):
lineStr = fr.readline()
for col in range(cols):
returnVect[0, 32*row+col] = int(lineStr[col])
return returnVect

def handwritingClassTest():
hwLabels = []
trainingFileList = listdir('trainingDigits')
m = len(trainingFileList)
trainingMat = zeros((m,1024))
for i in range(m):
fileNameStr = trainingFileList[i]
fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]
classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
hwLabels.append(classNumStr)
trainingMat[i,:] = img2vector('trainingDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)
testFileList = listdir('testDigits')
errorCount = 0.0
mTest = len(testFileList)
for i in range(mTest):
fileNameStr = testFileList[i]
fileStr = fileNameStr.split('.')[0]
classNumStr = int(fileStr.split('_')[0])
vectorUnderTest = img2vector('testDigits/%s' % fileNameStr)
classifierResult = classify0(vectorUnderTest, \
trainingMat, hwLabels, 3)
print "the classifier came back with: %d, the real answer is: %d"\
% (classifierResult, classNumStr)
if (classifierResult != classNumStr): errorCount += 1.0
print "\nthe total number of errors is: %d" % errorCount
print "\nthe total error rate is: %f" % (errorCount/float(mTest))