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Alamofire源码解读系列(四)之参数编码(ParameterEncoding)

2017-03-06 11:43 525 查看

本篇讲解参数编码的内容


前言

我们在开发中发的每一个请求都是通过
URLRequest
来进行封装的,可以通过一个URL生成
URLRequest
。那么如果我有一个参数字典,这个参数字典又是如何从客户端传递到服务器的呢?

Alamofire中是这样使用的:

URLEncoding
和URL相关的编码,有两种编码方式:

直接拼接到URL中

通过request的httpBody传值

JSONEncoding
把参数字典编码成JSONData后赋值给request的httpBody

PropertyListEncoding
把参数字典编码成PlistData后赋值给request的httpBody

那么接下来就看看具体的实现过程是怎么样的?

HTTPMethod

/// HTTP method definitions.
///
/// See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-4.3 public enum HTTPMethod: String {
case options = "OPTIONS"
case get     = "GET"
case head    = "HEAD"
case post    = "POST"
case put     = "PUT"
case patch   = "PATCH"
case delete  = "DELETE"
case trace   = "TRACE"
case connect = "CONNECT"
}

上边就是Alamofire中支持的HTTPMethod,这些方法的详细定义,可以看这篇文章:HTTP Method 详细解读(
GET
HEAD
POST
OPTIONS
PUT
DELETE
TRACE
CONNECT
)


ParameterEncoding协议

/// A type used to define how a set of parameters are applied to a `URLRequest`.
public protocol ParameterEncoding {
/// Creates a URL request by encoding parameters and applying them onto an existing request.
///
/// - parameter urlRequest: The request to have parameters applied.
/// - parameter parameters: The parameters to apply.
///
/// - throws: An `AFError.parameterEncodingFailed` error if encoding fails.
///
/// - returns: The encoded request.
func encode(_ urlRequest: URLRequestConvertible, with parameters: Parameters?) throws -> URLRequest
}

这个协议中只有一个函数,该函数需要两个参数:

urlRequest
该参数需要实现URLRequestConvertible协议,实现URLRequestConvertible协议的对象能够转换成URLRequest

parameters
参数,其类型为Parameters,也就是字典:
public typealias Parameters = [String: Any]


该函数返回值类型为URLRequest。通过观察这个函数,我们就明白了这个函数的目的就是把参数绑定到urlRequest之中,至于返回的urlRequest是不是之前的urlRequest,这个不一定,另一个比较重要的是该函数会抛出异常,因此在本篇后边的解读中会说明该异常的来源。

URLEncoding

我们已经知道了
URLEncoding
就是和URL相关的编码。当把参数编码到httpBody中这种情况是不受限制的,而直接编码到URL中就会受限制,只有当HTTPMethod为
GET
,
HEAD
and
DELETE
时才直接编码到URL中。

由于出现了上边所说的不同情况,因此考虑使用枚举来对这些情况进行设计:

public enum Destination {
case methodDependent, queryString, httpBody
}

我们对Destination的子选项给出解释:

methodDependent
根据HTTPMethod自动判断采取哪种编码方式

queryString
拼接到URL中

httpBody
拼接到httpBody中

Alamofire源码解读系列(一)之概述和使用中我们已经讲解了如何使用Alamofire,在每个请求函数的参数中,其中有一个参数就是编码方式。我们看看
URLEncoding
提供了那些初始化方法:

/// Returns a default `URLEncoding` instance.
public static var `default`: URLEncoding { return URLEncoding() }

/// Returns a `URLEncoding` instance with a `.methodDependent` destination.
public static var methodDependent: URLEncoding { return URLEncoding() }

/// Returns a `URLEncoding` instance with a `.queryString` destination.
public static var queryString: URLEncoding { return URLEncoding(destination: .queryString) }

/// Returns a `URLEncoding` instance with an `.httpBody` destination.
public static var httpBody: URLEncoding { return URLEncoding(destination: .httpBody) }

/// The destination defining where the encoded query string is to be applied to the URL request.
public let destination: Destination

// MARK: Initialization

/// Creates a `URLEncoding` instance using the specified destination.
///
/// - parameter destination: The destination defining where the encoded query string is to be applied.
///
/// - returns: The new `URLEncoding` instance.
public init(destination: Destination = .methodDependent) {
self.destination = destination
}

可以看出,默认的初始化选择的Destination是methodDependent,除了
default
这个单利外,又增加了其他的三个。这里需要注意一下,单利的写法

public static var `default`: URLEncoding { return URLEncoding() }

现在已经能够创建
URLEncoding
了,是时候让他实现
ParameterEncoding
协议里边的方法了。

/// Creates a URL request by encoding parameters and applying them onto an existing request.
///
/// - parameter urlRequest: The request to have parameters applied.
/// - parameter parameters: The parameters to apply.
///
/// - throws: An `Error` if the encoding process encounters an error.
///
/// - returns: The encoded request.
public func encode(_ urlRequest: URLRequestConvertible, with parameters: Parameters?) throws -> URLRequest {
/// 获取urlRequest
var urlRequest = try urlRequest.asURLRequest()

/// 如果参数为nil就直接返回urlRequest
guard let parameters = parameters else { return urlRequest }

/// 把参数编码到url的情况
if let method = HTTPMethod(rawValue: urlRequest.httpMethod ?? "GET"), encodesParametersInURL(with: method) {
/// 取出url
guard let url = urlRequest.url else {
throw AFError.parameterEncodingFailed(reason: .missingURL)
}

/// 分解url
if var urlComponents = URLComponents(url: url, resolvingAgainstBaseURL: false), !parameters.isEmpty {

/// 把原有的url中的query百分比编码后在拼接上编码后的参数
let percentEncodedQuery = (urlComponents.percentEncodedQuery.map { $0 + "&" } ?? "") + query(parameters)
urlComponents.percentEncodedQuery = percentEncodedQuery
urlRequest.url = urlComponents.url
}
} else { /// 编码到httpBody的情况

/// 设置Content-Type
if urlRequest.value(forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type") == nil {
urlRequest.setValue("application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8", forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type")
}

urlRequest.httpBody = query(parameters).data(using: .utf8, allowLossyConversion: false)
}

return urlRequest
}

其实,这个函数的实现并不复杂,函数内的注释部分就是这个函数的线索。当然,里边还用到了两个外部函数:
encodesParametersInURL
query
,这两个函数等会解释。函数内还用到了
URLComponents
这个东东,可以直接在这里https://developer.apple.com/reference/foundation/nsurl获取详细信息。我再这里就粗略的举个例子来说明url的组成:

https://johnny:p4ssw0rd@www.example.com:443/script.ext;param=value?query=value#ref

这个url拆解后:

组件名称
schemehttps
userjohnny
passwordp4ssw0rd
hostwww.example.com
port443
path/script.ext
pathExtensionext
pathComponents["/", "script.ext"]
parameterStringparam=value
queryquery=value
fragmentref
所以说,了解URL的组成很有必要,只有对网络请求有了详细的了解,我们才能去做网络优化的一些事情。这些事情包括数据预加载,弱网处理等等。

上边的代码中出现了两个额外的函数,我们来看看这两个函数。首先是
encodesParametersInURL
:

private func encodesParametersInURL(with method: HTTPMethod) -> Bool {
switch destination {
case .queryString:
return true
case .httpBody:
return false
default:
break
}

switch method {
case .get, .head, .delete:
return true
default:
return false
}
}

这个函数的目的是判断是不是要把参数拼接到URL之中,如果destination选的是queryString就返回true,如果是httpBody,就返回false,然后再根据method判断,只有get,head,delete才返回true,其他的返回false。

如果该函数返回的结果是true,那么就把参数拼接到request的url中,否则拼接到httpBody中。

这里简单介绍下swift中的权限关键字:
open
,
public
,
fileprivate
,
private
:


open
该权限是最大的权限,允许访问文件,同时允许继承

public
允许访问但不允许继承

fileprivate
允许文件内访问

private
只允许当前对象的代码块内部访问

另外一个函数是
query
,别看这个函数名很短,但是这个函数内部又嵌套了其他的函数,而且这个函数才是核心函数,它的主要功能是把参数处理成字符串,这个字符串也是做过编码处理的:

private func query(_ parameters: [String: Any]) -> String {
var components: [(String, String)] = []

for key in parameters.keys.sorted(by: <) {
let value = parameters[key]!
components += queryComponents(fromKey: key, value: value)
}

return components.map { "\($0)=\($1)" }.joined(separator: "&")
}

参数是一个字典,key的类型是String,但value的类型是any,也就是说value不一定是字符串,也有可能是数组或字典,因此针对value需要做进一步的处理。我们在写代码的过程中,如果出现了这种特殊情况,且是我们已经考虑到了的情况,我们就应该考虑使用函数做专门的处理了。

上边函数的整体思路是:

写一个数组,这个数组中存放的是元组数据,元组中存放的是key和字符串类型的value

遍历参数,对参数做进一步的处理,然后拼接到数组中

进一步处理数组内部的元组数据,把元组内部的数据用
=
号拼接,然后用符号
&
把数组拼接成字符串

上边函数中使用了一个额外函数
queryComponents
。这个函数的目的是处理value,我们看看这个函数的内容:

/// Creates percent-escaped, URL encoded query string components from the given key-value pair using recursion.
///
/// - parameter key:   The key of the query component.
/// - parameter value: The value of the query component.
///
/// - returns: The percent-escaped, URL encoded query string components.
public func queryComponents(fromKey key: String, value: Any) -> [(String, String)] {
var components: [(String, String)] = []

if let dictionary = value as? [String: Any] {
for (nestedKey, value) in dictionary {
components += queryComponents(fromKey: "\(key)[\(nestedKey)]", value: value)
}
} else if let array = value as? [Any] {
for value in array {
components += queryComponents(fromKey: "\(key)[]", value: value)
}
} else if let value = value as? NSNumber {
if value.isBool {
components.append((escape(key), escape((value.boolValue ? "1" : "0"))))
} else {
components.append((escape(key), escape("\(value)")))
}
} else if let bool = value as? Bool {
components.append((escape(key), escape((bool ? "1" : "0"))))
} else {
components.append((escape(key), escape("\(value)")))
}

return components
}

该函数内部使用了递归。针对字典中的value的情况做了如下几种情况的处理:

[String: Any]
如果value依然是字典,那么调用自身,也就是做递归处理

[Any]
如果value是数组,遍历后依然调用自身。把数组拼接到url中的规则是这样的。假如有一个数组["a", "b", "c"],拼接后的结果是key[]="a"&key[]="b"&key[]="c"

NSNumber
如果value是NSNumber,要做进一步的判断,判断这个NSNumber是不是表示布尔类型。这里引入了一个额外的函数
escape
,我们马上就会给出说明。

extension NSNumber {
fileprivate var isBool: Bool { return CFBooleanGetTypeID() == CFGetTypeID(self) }
}


Bool
如果是Bool,转义后直接拼接进数组

其他情况,转义后直接拼接进数组

上边函数中的key已经是字符串类型了,那么为什么还要进行转义的?这是因为在url中有些字符是不允许的。这些字符会干扰url的解析。按照RFC 3986的规定,下边的这些字符必须要做转义的:

:#[]@!$&'()*+,;=

?
/
可以不用转义,但是在某些第三方的SDk中依然需要转义,这个要特别注意。而转义的意思就是百分号编码。要了解百分号编码的详细内容,可以看我转债的这篇文章url 编码(percentcode 百分号编码)(转载)

来看看这个
escape
函数:

/// Returns a percent-escaped string following RFC 3986 for a query string key or value.
///
/// RFC 3986 states that the following characters are "reserved" characters.
///
/// - General Delimiters: ":", "#", "[", "]", "@", "?", "/"
/// - Sub-Delimiters: "!", "$", "&", "'", "(", ")", "*", "+", ",", ";", "="
///
/// In RFC 3986 - Section 3.4, it states that the "?" and "/" characters should not be escaped to allow
/// query strings to include a URL. Therefore, all "reserved" characters with the exception of "?" and "/"
/// should be percent-escaped in the query string.
///
/// - parameter string: The string to be percent-escaped.
///
/// - returns: The percent-escaped string.
public func escape(_ string: String) -> String {
let generalDelimitersToEncode = ":#[]@" // does not include "?" or "/" due to RFC 3986 - Section 3.4
let subDelimitersToEncode = "!$&'()*+,;="

var allowedCharacterSet = CharacterSet.urlQueryAllowed
allowedCharacterSet.remove(charactersIn: "\(generalDelimitersToEncode)\(subDelimitersToEncode)")

var escaped = ""

//==========================================================================================================
//
//  Batching is required for escaping due to an internal bug in iOS 8.1 and 8.2. Encoding more than a few
//  hundred Chinese characters causes various malloc error crashes. To avoid this issue until iOS 8 is no
//  longer supported, batching MUST be used for encoding. This introduces roughly a 20% overhead. For more
//  info, please refer to:
//
//      - https://github.com/Alamofire/Alamofire/issues/206 //
//==========================================================================================================

if #available(iOS 8.3, *) {
escaped = string.addingPercentEncoding(withAllowedCharacters: allowedCharacterSet) ?? string
} else {
let batchSize = 50
var index = string.startIndex

while index != string.endIndex {
let startIndex = index
let endIndex = string.index(index, offsetBy: batchSize, limitedBy: string.endIndex) ?? string.endIndex
let range = startIndex..<endIndex

let substring = string.substring(with: range)

escaped += substring.addingPercentEncoding(withAllowedCharacters: allowedCharacterSet) ?? substring

index = endIndex
}
}

return escaped
}

该函数的思路也很简单,使用了系统自带的函数来进行百分号编码,值得注意的是,如果系统小于8.3需要做特殊的处理,正好在这个处理中,我们研究一下swift中Range的用法。

对于一个
string
,他的范围是从
string.startIndex
string.endIndex
的。通过
public func index(_ i: String.Index, offsetBy n: String.IndexDistance, limitedBy limit: String.Index) -> String.Index?
函数可以取一个范围,这里中重要的就是index的概念,然后通过
startIndex..<endIndex
就生成了一个Range,利用这个Range就能截取字符串了。关于
Range
更多的用法,请参考苹果官方文档。

到这里,
URLEncoding
的全部内容就分析完毕了,我们把不同的功能划分成不同的函数,这种做法最大的好处就是我们可以使用单独的函数做独立的事情。我完全可以使用
escape
这个函数转义任何字符串。

JSONEncoding

JSONEncoding
的主要作用是把参数以JSON的形式编码到request之中,当然是通过request的httpBody进行赋值的。
JSONEncoding
提供了两种处理函数,一种是对普通的字典参数进行编码,另一种是对JSONObject进行编码,处理这两种情况的函数基本上是相同的,在下边会做出统一的说明。

我们先看看初始化方法:

/// Returns a `JSONEncoding` instance with default writing options.
public static var `default`: JSONEncoding { return JSONEncoding() }

/// Returns a `JSONEncoding` instance with `.prettyPrinted` writing options.
public static var prettyPrinted: JSONEncoding { return JSONEncoding(options: .prettyPrinted) }

/// The options for writing the parameters as JSON data.
public let options: JSONSerialization.WritingOptions

// MARK: Initialization

/// Creates a `JSONEncoding` instance using the specified options.
///
/// - parameter options: The options for writing the parameters as JSON data.
///
/// - returns: The new `JSONEncoding` instance.
public init(options: JSONSerialization.WritingOptions = []) {
self.options = options
}

这里边值得注意的是
JSONSerialization.WritingOptions
,也就是JSON序列化的写入方式。
WritingOptions
是一个结构体,系统提供了一个选项:
prettyPrinted
,意思是更好的打印效果。

接下来看看下边的两个函数:

/// Creates a URL request by encoding parameters and applying them onto an existing request.
///
/// - parameter urlRequest: The request to have parameters applied.
/// - parameter parameters: The parameters to apply.
///
/// - throws: An `Error` if the encoding process encounters an error.
///
/// - returns: The encoded request.
public func encode(_ urlRequest: URLRequestConvertible, with parameters: Parameters?) throws -> URLRequest {
var urlRequest = try urlRequest.asURLRequest()

guard let parameters = parameters else { return urlRequest }

do {
let data = try JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: parameters, options: options)

if urlRequest.value(forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type") == nil {
urlRequest.setValue("application/json", forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type")
}

urlRequest.httpBody = data
} catch {
throw AFError.parameterEncodingFailed(reason: .jsonEncodingFailed(error: error))
}

return urlRequest
}

/// Creates a URL request by encoding the JSON object and setting the resulting data on the HTTP body.
///
/// - parameter urlRequest: The request to apply the JSON object to.
/// - parameter jsonObject: The JSON object to apply to the request.
///
/// - throws: An `Error` if the encoding process encounters an error.
///
/// - returns: The encoded request.
public func encode(_ urlRequest: URLRequestConvertible, withJSONObject jsonObject: Any? = nil) throws -> URLRequest {
var urlRequest = try urlRequest.asURLRequest()

guard let jsonObject = jsonObject else { return urlRequest }

do {
let data = try JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: jsonObject, options: options)

if urlRequest.value(forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type") == nil {
urlRequest.setValue("application/json", forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type")
}

urlRequest.httpBody = data
} catch {
throw AFError.parameterEncodingFailed(reason: .jsonEncodingFailed(error: error))
}

return urlRequest
}

第一个函数实现了
ParameterEncoding
协议,第二个参数作为扩展,函数中最核心的内容是把参数变成Data类型,然后给httpBody赋值,需要注意的是异常处理。

PropertyListEncoding

PropertyListEncoding
的处理方式和
JSONEncoding
的差不多,为了节省篇幅,就不做出解答了。直接上源码:

/// Uses `PropertyListSerialization` to create a plist representation of the parameters object, according to the
/// associated format and write options values, which is set as the body of the request. The `Content-Type` HTTP header
/// field of an encoded request is set to `application/x-plist`.
public struct PropertyListEncoding: ParameterEncoding {

// MARK: Properties

/// Returns a default `PropertyListEncoding` instance.
public static var `default`: PropertyListEncoding { return PropertyListEncoding() }

/// Returns a `PropertyListEncoding` instance with xml formatting and default writing options.
public static var xml: PropertyListEncoding { return PropertyListEncoding(format: .xml) }

/// Returns a `PropertyListEncoding` instance with binary formatting and default writing options.
public static var binary: PropertyListEncoding { return PropertyListEncoding(format: .binary) }

/// The property list serialization format.
public let format: PropertyListSerialization.PropertyListFormat

/// The options for writing the parameters as plist data.
public let options: PropertyListSerialization.WriteOptions

// MARK: Initialization

/// Creates a `PropertyListEncoding` instance using the specified format and options.
///
/// - parameter format:  The property list serialization format.
/// - parameter options: The options for writing the parameters as plist data.
///
/// - returns: The new `PropertyListEncoding` instance.
public init(
format: PropertyListSerialization.PropertyListFormat = .xml,
options: PropertyListSerialization.WriteOptions = 0)
{
self.format = format
self.options = options
}

// MARK: Encoding

/// Creates a URL request by encoding parameters and applying them onto an existing request.
///
/// - parameter urlRequest: The request to have parameters applied.
/// - parameter parameters: The parameters to apply.
///
/// - throws: An `Error` if the encoding process encounters an error.
///
/// - returns: The encoded request.
public func encode(_ urlRequest: URLRequestConvertible, with parameters: Parameters?) throws -> URLRequest {
var urlRequest = try urlRequest.asURLRequest()

guard let parameters = parameters else { return urlRequest }

do {
let data = try PropertyListSerialization.data(
fromPropertyList: parameters,
format: format,
options: options
)

if urlRequest.value(forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type") == nil {
urlRequest.setValue("application/x-plist", forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type")
}

urlRequest.httpBody = data
} catch {
throw AFError.parameterEncodingFailed(reason: .propertyListEncodingFailed(error: error))
}

return urlRequest
}
}

JSONStringArrayEncoding

这是Alamofire种对字符串数组编码示例。原理也很简单,直接上代码:

public struct JSONStringArrayEncoding: ParameterEncoding {
public let array: [String]

public init(array: [String]) {
self.array = array
}

public func encode(_ urlRequest: URLRequestConvertible, with parameters: Parameters?) throws -> URLRequest {
var urlRequest = urlRequest.urlRequest

let data = try JSONSerialization.data(withJSONObject: array, options: [])

if urlRequest!.value(forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type") == nil {
urlRequest!.setValue("application/json", forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type")
}

urlRequest!.httpBody = data

return urlRequest!
}
}

总结

只有了解了某个功能的内部实现原理,我们才能更好的使用这个功能。没毛病。

由于知识水平有限,如有错误,还望指出

链接

Alamofire源码解读系列(一)之概述和使用 简书博客园

Alamofire源码解读系列(二)之错误处理(AFError) 简书博客园

Alamofire源码解读系列(三)之通知处理(Notification) 简书博客园
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