Linux下spi驱动开发

http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-27041925-id-3576276.html

转载至：http://www.embedu.org/Column/Column367.htm

作者：刘洪涛,华清远见嵌入式学院讲师。

一、概述

基于子系统去开发驱动程序已经是linux内核中普遍的做法了。前面写过基于I2C子系统的驱动开发。本文介绍另外一种常用总线SPI的开发方法。SPI子系统的开发和I2C有很多的相似性，大家可以对比学习。本主题分为两个部分叙述，第一部分介绍基于SPI子系统开发的理论框架；第二部分以华清远见教学平台FS_S5PC100上的M25P10芯片为例（内核版本2.6.29），编写一个SPI驱动程序实例。

二、SPI总线协议简介

介绍驱动开发前，需要先熟悉下SPI通讯协议中的几个关键的地方，后面在编写驱动时，需要考虑相关因素。

SPI总线由MISO（串行数据输入）、MOSI（串行数据输出）、SCK（串行移位时钟）、CS（使能信号）4个信号线组成。如FS_S5PC100上的M25P10芯片接线为：



上图中M25P10的D脚为它的数据输入脚，Q为数据输出脚，C为时钟脚。

SPI常用四种数据传输模式，主要差别在于：输出串行同步时钟极性（CPOL）和相位（CPHA）可以进行配置。如果CPOL= 0，串行同步时钟的空闲状态为低电平；如果CPOL= 1，串行同步时钟的空闲状态为高电平。如果CPHA= 0，在串行同步时钟的前沿（上升或下降）数据被采样；如果CPHA = 1，在串行同步时钟的后沿（上升或下降）数据被采样。





这四种模式中究竟选择哪种模式取决于设备。如M25P10的手册中明确它可以支持的两种模式为：CPOL=0 CPHA=0 和 CPOL=1 CPHA=1



三、linux下SPI驱动开发

首先明确SPI驱动层次，如下图：



我们以上面的这个图为思路

1、 Platform bus

Platform bus对应的结构是platform_bus_type，这个内核开始就定义好的。我们不需要定义。

2、Platform_device

SPI控制器对应platform_device的定义方式，同样以S5PC100中的SPI控制器为例，参看arch/arm/plat-s5pc1xx/dev-spi.c文件

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struct platform_device s3c_device_spi0 = {

.name = "s3c64xx-spi", //名称，要和Platform_driver匹配

.id = 0, //第0个控制器，S5PC100中有3个控制器

.num_resources = ARRAY_SIZE(s5pc1xx_spi0_resource), //占用资源的种类

.resource = s5pc1xx_spi0_resource, //指向资源结构数组的指针

.dev = {

.dma_mask = &spi_dmamask, //dma寻址范围

.coherent_dma_mask = DMA_BIT_MASK(32), //可以通过关闭cache等措施保证一致性的dma寻址范围

.platform_data = &s5pc1xx_spi0_pdata, //特殊的平台数据，参看后文

},

};

static struct s3c64xx_spi_cntrlr_info s5pc1xx_spi0_pdata = {

.cfg_gpio = s5pc1xx_spi_cfg_gpio, //用于控制器管脚的IO配置

.fifo_lvl_mask = 0x7f,

.rx_lvl_offset = 13,

};

static int s5pc1xx_spi_cfg_gpio(struct platform_device *pdev)

{

switch (pdev->id) {

case 0:

s3c_gpio_cfgpin(S5PC1XX_GPB(0), S5PC1XX_GPB0_SPI_MISO0);

s3c_gpio_cfgpin(S5PC1XX_GPB(1), S5PC1XX_GPB1_SPI_CLK0);

s3c_gpio_cfgpin(S5PC1XX_GPB(2), S5PC1XX_GPB2_SPI_MOSI0);

s3c_gpio_setpull(S5PC1XX_GPB(0), S3C_GPIO_PULL_UP);

s3c_gpio_setpull(S5PC1XX_GPB(1), S3C_GPIO_PULL_UP);

s3c_gpio_setpull(S5PC1XX_GPB(2), S3C_GPIO_PULL_UP);

break;

case 1:

s3c_gpio_cfgpin(S5PC1XX_GPB(4), S5PC1XX_GPB4_SPI_MISO1);

s3c_gpio_cfgpin(S5PC1XX_GPB(5), S5PC1XX_GPB5_SPI_CLK1);

s3c_gpio_cfgpin(S5PC1XX_GPB(6), S5PC1XX_GPB6_SPI_MOSI1);

s3c_gpio_setpull(S5PC1XX_GPB(4), S3C_GPIO_PULL_UP);

s3c_gpio_setpull(S5PC1XX_GPB(5), S3C_GPIO_PULL_UP);

s3c_gpio_setpull(S5PC1XX_GPB(6), S3C_GPIO_PULL_UP);

break;

case 2:

s3c_gpio_cfgpin(S5PC1XX_GPG3(0), S5PC1XX_GPG3_0_SPI_CLK2);

s3c_gpio_cfgpin(S5PC1XX_GPG3(2), S5PC1XX_GPG3_2_SPI_MISO2);

s3c_gpio_cfgpin(S5PC1XX_GPG3(3), S5PC1XX_GPG3_3_SPI_MOSI2);

s3c_gpio_setpull(S5PC1XX_GPG3(0), S3C_GPIO_PULL_UP);

s3c_gpio_setpull(S5PC1XX_GPG3(2), S3C_GPIO_PULL_UP);

s3c_gpio_setpull(S5PC1XX_GPG3(3), S3C_GPIO_PULL_UP);

break;

default:

dev_err(&pdev->dev, "Invalid
SPI Controller number!");

return -EINVAL;

}

3、Platform_driver

再看platform_driver，参看drivers/spi/spi_s3c64xx.c文件

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static struct platform_driver s3c64xx_spi_driver = {

.driver = {

.name = "s3c64xx-spi", //名称，和platform_device对应

.owner = THIS_MODULE,

},

.remove = s3c64xx_spi_remove,

.suspend = s3c64xx_spi_suspend,

.resume = s3c64xx_spi_resume,

};

platform_driver_probe(&s3c64xx_spi_driver, s3c64xx_spi_probe)；//注册s3c64xx_spi_driver

和平台中注册的platform_device匹配后，调用s3c64xx_spi_probe。然后根据传入的platform_device参数，构建一个用于描述SPI控制器的结构体spi_master，并注册。spi_register_master(master)。后续注册的spi_device需要选定自己的spi_master，并利用spi_master提供的传输功能传输spi数据。

和I2C类似，SPI也有一个描述控制器的对象叫spi_master。其主要成员是主机控制器的序号（系统中可能存在多个SPI主机控制器）、片选数量、SPI模式和时钟设置用到的函数、数据传输用到的函数等。

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struct spi_master {

struct device dev;

s16 bus_num; //表示是SPI主机控制器的编号。由平台代码决定

u16 num_chipselect; //控制器支持的片选数量，即能支持多少个spi设备

int (*setup)(struct
spi_device *spi); //针对设备设置SPI的工作时钟及数据传输模式等。在spi_add_device函数中调用。

int (*transfer)(struct
spi_device *spi,

struct spi_message *mesg); //实现数据的双向传输，可能会睡眠

void (*cleanup)(struct
spi_device *spi); //注销时调用

};

4、Spi bus

Spi总线对应的总线类型为spi_bus_type，在内核的drivers/spi/spi.c中定义

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struct bus_type spi_bus_type = {

.name = "spi",

.dev_attrs = spi_dev_attrs,

.match = spi_match_device,

.uevent = spi_uevent,

.suspend = spi_suspend,

.resume = spi_resume,

};

对应的匹配规则是（高版本中的匹配规则会稍有变化，引入了id_table，可以匹配多个spi设备名称）：

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static int spi_match_device(struct device *dev, struct
device_driver *drv)

{

const struct spi_device *spi = to_spi_device(dev);

return strcmp(spi->modalias, drv->name) == 0;

}

5、spi_device

下面该讲到spi_device的构建与注册了。spi_device对应的含义是挂接在spi总线上的一个设备，所以描述它的时候应该明确它自身的设备特性、传输要求、及挂接在哪个总线上。

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static struct spi_board_info s3c_spi_devs[] __initdata = {

{

.modalias = "m25p10",

.mode = SPI_MODE_0, //CPOL=0, CPHA=0
此处选择具体数据传输模式

.max_speed_hz = 10000000, //最大的spi时钟频率

/* Connected to SPI-0
as 1st Slave */

.bus_num = 0, //设备连接在spi控制器0上

.chip_select = 0, //片选线号，在S5PC100的控制器驱动中没有使用它作为片选的依据，而是选择了下文controller_data里的方法。

.controller_data = &smdk_spi0_csi[0],

},

};

static struct s3c64xx_spi_csinfo smdk_spi0_csi[] = {

[0] = {

.set_level = smdk_m25p10_cs_set_level,

.fb_delay = 0x3,

},

};

static void smdk_m25p10_cs_set_level(int high) //spi控制器会用这个方法设置cs

{

u32 val;

val = readl(S5PC1XX_GPBDAT);

if (high)

val |= (1<<3);

else

val &= ~(1<<3);

writel(val, S5PC1XX_GPBDAT);

}

spi_register_board_info(s3c_spi_devs, ARRAY_SIZE(s3c_spi_devs));//注册spi_board_info。这个代码会把spi_board_info注册要链表board_list上。

事实上上文提到的spi_master的注册会在spi_register_board_info之后，spi_master注册的过程中会调用scan_boardinfo扫描board_list，找到挂接在它上面的spi设备，然后创建并注册spi_device。

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static void scan_boardinfo(struct spi_master *master)

{

struct boardinfo *bi;

mutex_lock(&board_lock);

list_for_each_entry(bi, &board_list, list) {

struct spi_board_info *chip = bi->board_info;

unsigned n;

for (n = bi->n_board_info; n > 0; n--, chip++) {

if (chip->bus_num != master->bus_num)

continue;

/* NOTE: this relies on spi_new_device to

* issue diagnostics when given bogus inputs

*/

(void) spi_new_device(master, chip); //创建并注册了spi_device

}

}

mutex_unlock(&board_lock);

}

6、spi_driver

本文先以linux内核中的/driver/mtd/devices/m25p80.c驱动为参考。

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static struct spi_driver m25p80_driver = { //spi_driver的构建

.driver = {

.name = "m25p80",

.bus = &spi_bus_type,

.owner = THIS_MODULE,

},

.probe = m25p_probe,

.remove = __devexit_p(m25p_remove),

*/

};

spi_register_driver(&m25p80_driver);//spi
driver的注册

在有匹配的spi device时，会调用m25p_probe

static int __devinit m25p_probe(struct spi_device *spi)

{

……

}

根据传入的spi_device参数，可以找到对应的spi_master。接下来就可以利用spi子系统为我们完成数据交互了。可以参看m25p80_read函数。要完成传输，先理解下面几个结构的含义：（这两个结构的定义及详细注释参见include/linux/spi/spi.h）

spi_message：描述一次完整的传输，即cs信号从高->底->高的传输

spi_transfer：多个spi_transfer够成一个spi_message

举例说明：m25p80的读过程如下图



可以分解为两个spi_ transfer一个是写命令，另一个是读数据。具体实现参见m25p80.c中的m25p80_read函数。下面内容摘取之此函数。

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struct spi_transfer t[2]; //定义了两个spi_transfer

struct spi_message m; //定义了两个spi_message

spi_message_init(&m); //初始化其transfers链表

t[0].tx_buf = flash->command;

t[0].len = CMD_SIZE + FAST_READ_DUMMY_BYTE; //定义第一个transfer的写指针和长度

spi_message_add_tail(&t[0], &m); //添加到spi_message

t[1].rx_buf = buf;

t[1].len = len; //定义第二个transfer的读指针和长度

spi_message_add_tail(&t[1], &m); //添加到spi_message

flash->command[0] = OPCODE_READ;

flash->command[1] = from >> 16;

flash->command[2] = from >> 8;

flash->command[3] = from; //初始化前面写buf的内容

spi_sync(flash->spi, &m); //调用spi_master发送spi_message

// spi_sync为同步方式发送，还可以用spi_async异步方式，那样的话，需要设置回调完成函数。

另外你也可以选择一些封装好的更容易使用的函数，这些函数可以在include/linux/spi/spi.h文件中找到，如：

extern int spi_write_then_read(struct spi_device *spi,

const u8 *txbuf, unsigned n_tx,

u8 *rxbuf, unsigned n_rx);

这篇博文就到这了，下篇给出一个针对m25p10完整的驱动程序。

Linux下spi驱动开发之m25p10驱动测试

目标：在华清远见的FS_S5PC100平台上编写一个简单的spi驱动模块，在probe阶段实现对m25p10的ID号探测、flash擦除、flash状态读取、flash写入、flash读取等操作。代码已经经过测试，运行于2.6.35内核。理解下面代码需要参照m25p10的芯片手册。其实下面的代码和处理器没有太大关系，这也是spi子系统的分层特点。

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#include <linux/platform_device.h>

#include <linux/spi/spi.h>

#include <linux/init.h>

#include <linux/module.h>

#include <linux/device.h>

#include <linux/interrupt.h>

#include <linux/mutex.h>

#include <linux/slab.h> // kzalloc

#include <linux/delay.h>

#define FLASH_PAGE_SIZE 256

/* Flash Operating Commands */

#define CMD_READ_ID 0x9f

#define CMD_WRITE_ENABLE 0x06

#define CMD_BULK_ERASE 0xc7

#define CMD_READ_BYTES 0x03

#define CMD_PAGE_PROGRAM 0x02

#define CMD_RDSR 0x05

/* Status Register bits. */

#define SR_WIP 1 /* Write in progress */

#define SR_WEL 2 /* Write enable latch */

/* ID Numbers */

#define MANUFACTURER_ID 0x20

#define DEVICE_ID 0x1120

/* Define max times to check status register before we give up. */

#define MAX_READY_WAIT_COUNT 100000

#define CMD_SZ 4

struct m25p10a {

struct spi_device *spi;

struct mutex lock;

char erase_opcode;

char cmd[ CMD_SZ ];

};

/*

* Internal Helper functions

*/

/*

* Read the status register, returning its value in the location

* Return the status register value.

* Returns negative if error occurred.

*/

static int read_sr(struct m25p10a *flash)

{

ssize_t retval;

u8 code = CMD_RDSR;

u8 val;

retval = spi_write_then_read(flash->spi, &code, 1, &val, 1);

if (retval < 0) {

dev_err(&flash->spi->dev, "error
%d reading SR\n", (int) retval);

return retval;

}

return val;

}

/*

* Service routine to read status register until ready, or timeout
occurs.

* Returns non-zero if error.

*/

static int wait_till_ready(struct m25p10a *flash)

{

int count;

int sr;

/* one chip guarantees max 5 msec wait here after page writes,

* but potentially three seconds (!) after
page erase.

*/

for (count = 0; count < MAX_READY_WAIT_COUNT; count++) {

if ((sr = read_sr(flash)) < 0)

break;

else if (!(sr & SR_WIP))

return 0;

/* REVISIT sometimes sleeping would be best */

}

printk( "in (%s): count = %d\n", count );

return 1;

}

/*

* Set write enable latch with Write Enable command.

* Returns negative if error occurred.

*/

static inline int write_enable( struct m25p10a *flash )

{

flash->cmd[0] = CMD_WRITE_ENABLE;

return spi_write( flash->spi, flash->cmd, 1 );

}

/*

* Erase the whole flash memory

*

* Returns 0 if successful, non-zero
otherwise.

*/

static int erase_chip( struct m25p10a *flash )

{

/* Wait until finished previous write command. */

if (wait_till_ready(flash))

return -1;

/* Send write enable, then erase commands. */

write_enable( flash );

flash->cmd[0] = CMD_BULK_ERASE;

return spi_write( flash->spi, flash->cmd, 1 );

}

/*

* Read an address range from the flash chip. The address range

* may be any size provided it is within the physical boundaries.

*/

static int m25p10a_read( struct m25p10a *flash, loff_t
from, size_t len, char *buf )

{

int r_count = 0, i;

flash->cmd[0] = CMD_READ_BYTES;

flash->cmd[1] = from >> 16;

flash->cmd[2] = from >> 8;

flash->cmd[3] = from;

#if 1

struct spi_transfer st[2];

struct spi_message msg;

spi_message_init( &msg );

memset( st, 0, sizeof(st) );

flash->cmd[0] = CMD_READ_BYTES;

flash->cmd[1] = from >> 16;

flash->cmd[2] = from >> 8;

flash->cmd[3] = from;

st[ 0 ].tx_buf = flash->cmd;

st[ 0 ].len = CMD_SZ;

spi_message_add_tail( &st[0], &msg );

st[ 1 ].rx_buf = buf;

st[ 1 ].len = len;

spi_message_add_tail( &st[1], &msg );

mutex_lock( &flash->lock );

/* Wait until finished previous write command. */

if (wait_till_ready(flash)) {

mutex_unlock( &flash->lock );

return -1;

}

spi_sync( flash->spi, &msg );

r_count = msg.actual_length - CMD_SZ;

printk( "in (%s): read %d bytes\n", __func__, r_count );

for( i = 0; i < r_count; i++ ) {

printk( "0x%02x\n", buf[ i ] );

}

mutex_unlock( &flash->lock );

#endif

return 0;

}

/*

* Write an address range to the flash chip. Data must be written in

* FLASH_PAGE_SIZE chunks. The address range may be any size provided

* it is within the physical boundaries.

*/

static int m25p10a_write( struct m25p10a *flash, loff_t to, size_t len, const char *buf )

{

int w_count = 0, i, page_offset;

struct spi_transfer st[2];

struct spi_message msg;

#if 1

if (wait_till_ready(flash)) { //读状态，等待ready

mutex_unlock( &flash->lock );

return -1;

}

#endif

write_enable( flash ); //写使能

spi_message_init( &msg );

memset( st, 0, sizeof(st) );

flash->cmd[0] = CMD_PAGE_PROGRAM;

flash->cmd[1] = to >> 16;

flash->cmd[2] = to >> 8;

flash->cmd[3] = to;

st[ 0 ].tx_buf = flash->cmd;

st[ 0 ].len = CMD_SZ;

spi_message_add_tail( &st[0], &msg );

st[ 1 ].tx_buf = buf;

st[ 1 ].len = len;

spi_message_add_tail( &st[1], &msg );

mutex_lock( &flash->lock );

/* get offset address inside a page */

page_offset = to % FLASH_PAGE_SIZE;

/* do all the bytes fit onto one page? */

if( page_offset + len <= FLASH_PAGE_SIZE ) { // yes

st[ 1 ].len = len;

printk("%d, cmd = %d\n", st[ 1 ].len, *(char *)st[0].tx_buf);

//while(1)

{

spi_sync( flash->spi, &msg );

}

w_count = msg.actual_length - CMD_SZ;

}

else { // no

}

printk( "in (%s): write %d bytes to flash in total\n", __func__, w_count );

mutex_unlock( &flash->lock );

return 0;

}

static int check_id( struct m25p10a *flash )

{

char buf[10] = {0};

flash->cmd[0] = CMD_READ_ID;

spi_write_then_read( flash->spi, flash->cmd, 1, buf, 3 );

printk( "Manufacture ID: 0x%x\n", buf[0] );

printk( "Device ID: 0x%x\n", buf[1] | buf[2] << 8 );

return buf[2] << 16 | buf[1] << 8 | buf[0];

}

static int m25p10a_probe(struct spi_device *spi)

{

int ret = 0;

struct m25p10a *flash;

char buf[ 256 ];

printk( "%s was called\n", __func__ );

flash = kzalloc( sizeof(struct m25p10a), GFP_KERNEL );

if( !flash ) {

return -ENOMEM;

}

flash->spi = spi;

mutex_init( &flash->lock );

/* save flash as driver's private data */

spi_set_drvdata( spi, flash );

check_id( flash ); //读取ID

#if 1

ret = erase_chip( flash ); //擦除

if( ret < 0 ) {

printk( "erase the entirely chip failed\n" );

}

printk( "erase the whole chip done\n" );

memset( buf, 0x7, 256 );

m25p10a_write( flash, 0, 20, buf); //0地址写入20个7

memset( buf, 0, 256 );

m25p10a_read( flash, 0, 25, buf ); //0地址读出25个数

#endif

return 0;

}

static int m25p10a_remove(struct spi_device *spi)

{

return 0;

}

static struct spi_driver m25p10a_driver = {

.probe = m25p10a_probe,

.remove = m25p10a_remove,

.driver = {

.name = "m25p10a",

},

};

static int __init m25p10a_init(void)

{

return spi_register_driver(&m25p10a_driver);

}

static void __exit m25p10a_exit(void)

{

spi_unregister_driver(&m25p10a_driver);

}

module_init(m25p10a_init);

module_exit(m25p10a_exit);

MODULE_DESCRIPTION("m25p10a driver for FS_S5PC100");

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");