Linux常用基本命令
2016-09-28 21:15
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Linux中许多常用命令是必须掌握的,这里将我学linux入门时学的一些常用的基本命令分享给大家一下,希望可以帮助你们。
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363935954_6311.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363935980_1369.png)
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怎么10/100会变成0呢?这是因为bc预设仅输出整数,如果要输出小数点下位数,那么就必须要执行 scale=number ,那个number就是小数点位数,例如:
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936069_2896.png)
[Ctrl]-c按键---让当前的程序『停掉』
[Ctrl]-d按键---通常代表着:『键盘输入结束(End Of File, EOF 戒 End OfInput)』的意思;另外,他也可以用来取代exit
man -f man
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936109_3235.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936120_9820.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936132_1780.png)
此外,需要注意的是,时间参数请务必加入指令中,否则shutdown会自动跳到 run-level 1 (就是单人维护的登入情况),这样就伤脑筋了!底下提供几个时间参数的例子吧:
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936145_2758.png)
重启,关机: reboot, halt,poweroff
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936158_4694.png)
--run level 0 :关机
--run level 3 :纯文本模式
--run level 5 :含有图形接口模式
--run level 6 :重新启动
使用init这个指令来切换各模式:
如果你想要关机的话,除了上述的shutdown -h now以及poweroff之外,你也可以使用如下的指令来关机:
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936183_6281.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936198_8642.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936213_8090.png)
--数字类型改变档案权限:
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936248_2355.png)
--符号类型改变档案权限:
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936259_4661.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936285_4549.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936297_1247.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936306_6088.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936321_4240.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936335_4740.png)
不建议常用-p这个选项,因为担心如果你打错字,那么目录名称就回变得乱七八糟的
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936353_8065.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936364_8540.png)
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1、显示日期的指令: date
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363935954_6311.png)
2、显示日历的指令:cal
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363935980_1369.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363935990_8670.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363935996_9522.png)
3、简单好用的计算器:bc
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936042_6658.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936054_8908.png)
怎么10/100会变成0呢?这是因为bc预设仅输出整数,如果要输出小数点下位数,那么就必须要执行 scale=number ,那个number就是小数点位数,例如:
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936069_2896.png)
4、重要的几个热键[Tab],[ctrl]-c, [ctrl]-d
[Tab]按键---具有『命令补全』不『档案补齐』的功能[Ctrl]-c按键---让当前的程序『停掉』
[Ctrl]-d按键---通常代表着:『键盘输入结束(End Of File, EOF 戒 End OfInput)』的意思;另外,他也可以用来取代exit
5、man
退出用q,man -f man
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936109_3235.png)
6、数据同步写入磁盘: sync
输入sync,那举在内存中尚未被更新的数据,就会被写入硬盘中;所以,这个挃令在系统关机戒重新启劢乀前, 径重要喔!最好多执行几次!![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936120_9820.png)
7、惯用的关机指令:shutdown
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936132_1780.png)
此外,需要注意的是,时间参数请务必加入指令中,否则shutdown会自动跳到 run-level 1 (就是单人维护的登入情况),这样就伤脑筋了!底下提供几个时间参数的例子吧:
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936145_2758.png)
重启,关机: reboot, halt,poweroff
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936158_4694.png)
8、切换执行等级: init
Linux共有七种执行等级:--run level 0 :关机
--run level 3 :纯文本模式
--run level 5 :含有图形接口模式
--run level 6 :重新启动
使用init这个指令来切换各模式:
如果你想要关机的话,除了上述的shutdown -h now以及poweroff之外,你也可以使用如下的指令来关机:
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936183_6281.png)
9、改变文件的所属群组:chgrp
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936198_8642.png)
10、改变文件拥有者:chown
他还可以顸便直接修改群组的名称![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936213_8090.png)
11、改变文件的权限:chmod
权限的设定方法有两种, 分别可以使用数字或者是符号来进行权限的变更。 |
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936248_2355.png)
--符号类型改变档案权限:
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936259_4661.png)
12、查看版本信息等
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936285_4549.png)
13、变换目录:cd
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936297_1247.png)
14、显示当前所在目录:pwd
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936306_6088.png)
15、建立新目录:mkdir
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936321_4240.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936335_4740.png)
不建议常用-p这个选项,因为担心如果你打错字,那么目录名称就回变得乱七八糟的
16、删除『空』的目录:rmdir
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936353_8065.png)
17、档案与目录的显示:ls
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936364_8540.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936378_2040.png)
18、复制档案或目录:cp
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936391_3459.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936405_1275.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936421_3936.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936434_7475.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936447_1389.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936473_8128.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936488_3487.png)
19、移除档案或目录:rm
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936513_9642.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936523_3283.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936534_8970.png)
20、移动档案与目录,或更名:mv
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936546_1932.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936558_1163.png)
21、取得路径的文件名与目录名:basename,dirname
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936571_2352.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936582_4520.png)
22、由第一行开始显示档案内容:cat
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936609_6282.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936621_3423.png)
23、从最后一行开始显示:tac(可以看出 tac 是 cat 的倒着写)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936634_1541.png)
24、显示的时候,顺道输出行号:nl
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936651_6458.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936671_4557.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936684_7797.png)
25、一页一页的显示档案内容:more
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936710_9067.png)
26、与 more 类似,但是比 more 更好的是,他可以往前翻页:less
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936728_2729.png)
27、只看头几行:head
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936748_3301.png)
28、只看尾几行:tail
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936798_8160.png)
29、以二进制的放置读取档案内容:od
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936808_2619.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936819_8586.png)
30、修改档案时间或新建档案:touch
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936832_1025.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936847_2396.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936857_7179.png)
31、档案预设权限:umask
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936868_1680.png)
32、配置文件档案隐藏属性:chattr
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936877_4715.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936886_3351.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936897_2939.png)
33、显示档案隐藏属性:lsattr
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936910_4210.png)
34、观察文件类型:file
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936923_3379.png)
35、寻找【执行挡】:which
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936932_2949.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936946_1973.png)
36、寻找特定档案:whereis
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363936956_5666.png)
37、寻找特定档案:locate
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363937757_9288.png)
38、寻找特定档案:find
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363937773_3082.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363937784_2757.png)
39、压缩文件和读取压缩文件:gzip,zcat
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363937793_4694.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363937802_1953.png)
40、压缩文件和读取压缩文件:bzip2,bzcat
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363937816_9269.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363937900_4463.png)
41、压缩文件和读取压缩文件:tar
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363937990_3354.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363938001_5653.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363938031_1319.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363938044_9852.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363938052_3223.png)
![](http://img.my.csdn.net/uploads/201303/22/1363938061_6833.png)
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