归并排序(merge sort)

M erge sort is based on the divide-and-conquer paradigm. Its worst-case running time has a lower order of growth
than insertion sort. Since we are dealing with subproblems, we state each subproblem as sorting a subarray A[p .. r].
Initially, p = 1 and r = n, but these values change as we recurse through subproblems.

To sort A[p .. r]:
1. Divide Step
If a given array A has zero or one element, simply return; it is already sorted. Otherwise, split A[p .. r]
into two subarrays A[p .. q] and A[q + 1 .. r], each containing about half of the elements of A[p .. r].
That is, q is the halfway point of A[p .. r].
2. Conquer Step
Conquer by recursively sorting the two subarrays A[p .. q] and A[q + 1 .. r].
3. Combine Step
Combine the elements back in A[p .. r] by merging the two sorted subarrays A[p .. q] and A[q + 1 .. r] into
a sorted sequence. To accomplish this step, we will define a procedure MERGE (A, p, q, r).
Note that the recursion bottoms out when the subarray has just one element, so that it is trivially sorted.

归并操作

归并操作(merge)，也叫归并算法，指的是将两个顺序序列合并成一个顺序序列的方法。
如　设有数列{6，202，100，301，38，8，1}
初始状态：6,202,100,301,38,8，1
第一次归并后：{6,202},{100,301},{8,38},{1}，比较次数：3；
第二次归并后：{6,100,202,301}，{1,8,38}，比较次数：4；
第三次归并后：{1,6,8,38,100,202,301},比较次数：4；
总的比较次数为：3+4+4=11,；
逆序数为14；

/* C program for Merge Sort */
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>

// Merges two subarrays of arr[].
// First subarray is arr[l..m]
// Second subarray is arr[m+1..r]
void merge(int arr[], int l, int m, int r)
{
int i, j, k;
int n1 = m - l + 1;
int n2 = r - m;

/* create temp arrays */
int L[n1], R[n2];

/* Copy data to temp arrays L[] and R[] */
for (i = 0; i < n1; i++)
L[i] = arr[l + i];
for (j = 0; j < n2; j++)
R[j] = arr[m + 1+ j];

/* Merge the temp arrays back into arr[l..r]*/
i = 0; // Initial index of first subarray
j = 0; // Initial index of second subarray
k = l; // Initial index of merged subarray
while (i < n1 && j < n2)
{
if (L[i] <= R[j])
{
arr[k] = L[i];
i++;
}
else
{
arr[k] = R[j];
j++;
}
k++;
}

/* Copy the remaining elements of L[], if there
are any */
while (i < n1)
{
arr[k] = L[i];
i++;
k++;
}

/* Copy the remaining elements of R[], if there
are any */
while (j < n2)
{
arr[k] = R[j];
j++;
k++;
}
}

/* l is for left index and r is right index of the
sub-array of arr to be sorted */
void mergeSort(int arr[], int l, int r)
{
if (l < r)
{
// Same as (l+r)/2, but avoids overflow for
// large l and h
int m = l+(r-l)/2;

// Sort first and second halves
mergeSort(arr, l, m);
mergeSort(arr, m+1, r);

merge(arr, l, m, r);
}
}

/* UTILITY FUNCTIONS */
/* Function to print an array */
void printArray(int A[], int size)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i < size; i++)
printf("%d ", A[i]);
printf("\n");
}

/* Driver program to test above functions */
int main()
{
int arr[] = {12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7};
int arr_size = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);

printf("Given array is \n");
printArray(arr, arr_size);

mergeSort(arr, 0, arr_size - 1);

printf("\nSorted array is \n");
printArray(arr, arr_size);
return 0;
}

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