磁盘管理之分区格式化及其挂载

一、磁盘管理总体分类

1）磁盘结构
2）分区类型
3）管理分区
4）管理文件系统
5）挂载设备
6）管理虚拟内存
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重要分类模块详解

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1、磁盘常用术语
head：磁头 track：磁道 sector:扇区 cylinder：柱面
2、分区种类 1）主引导记录（MBR） MBR: Master Boot Record，1982年，使用32位表示扇区数,分区不超过2T如何分区：按柱面0磁道0扇区：512bytes 446bytes: boot loader 64bytes：分区表 16bytes: 标识一个分区 2bytes: 55AA 4个主分区；3主分区+1扩展(N个逻辑分区)
2)GPT

GPT:GUID patition table (GUID分区表) 支持128个分区，使用64位，支 持8Z（ 512Byte/block ）64Z （ 4096Byte/block）使用128位UUID 表示磁盘和分区 GPT分区表自动备份在头 和尾两份，并有CRC校验位UEFI (统一扩展固件接口)硬件支持GPT

3、常用分区管理工具
lsblk命令：
lsblk - list block devices
演示：

[root@centos6 ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0     11:0    1  3.7G  0 rom
sda      8:0    0  120G  0 disk
├─sda1   8:1    0  200M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0   80G  0 part /
├─sda3   8:3    0   20G  0 part /testdir
├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part
├─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda6   8:6    0    5G  0 part
sdb      8:16   0  120G  0 disk
sdc      8:32   0   20G  0 disk
sdd      8:48   0   20G  0 disk
sde      8:64   0   20G  0 disk
[root@centos6 ~]#

fdisk命令：
fdisk - Partition table manipulator for Linux
fdisk -cu device fdisk device

常用子命令：
d delete a partition #删除分区表
l list known partition types #列出分区类型
m print this menu #打印帮助信息
n add a new partition #添加一个新的分区
p print the partition table #打印分区表
q quit without saving changes #不保存退出
t change a partition's system id #改变一个分区的系统ID
w write table to disk and exit #将分区表写入系统

partx/partprobe命令:通知内核重新读取硬盘分区表信息
partx -a /dev/device 例如：partx -a /dev/sda1
kpartx -a /dev/device -f:force

删除分区：

partx -d --nr # /dev/device #号表示删除的第几块分区

partx -d --nr 7 /dev/sda

CentOS5.x CentOS7.x使用：partprobe命令即可
查看内核是否已经识别新的分区：cat /proc/partitations
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演示：
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[root@centos6 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda
Disk /dev/sda: 128.8 GB, 128849018880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 15665 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000813f2
Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          26      204800   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              26       10469    83886080   83  Linux
/dev/sda3           10469       13080    20971520   83  Linux
/dev/sda4           13080       15666    20765696    5  Extended
/dev/sda5           13081       13603     4194304   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6           13604       13865     2104515   83  Linux
/dev/sda7           13866       13997     1060258+  83  Linux
[root@centos6 ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor  #blocks  name
8        0  125829120 sda
8        1     204800 sda1
8        2   83886080 sda2
8        3   20971520 sda3
8        4          1 sda4
8        5    4194304 sda5
8       16  125829120 sdb
8       32   20971520 sdc
8       48   20971520 sdd
8       64   20971520 sde
[root@centos6 ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
sda   sda1  sda2  sda3  sda4  sda5
[root@centos6 ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 4
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 5
[root@centos6 ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 1
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 2
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 3
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 4
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 5
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 6
BLKPG: Device or resource busy
error adding partition 7
[root@centos6 ~]# !cat
cat /proc/partitions
major minor  #blocks  name
8        0  125829120 sda
8        1     204800 sda1
8        2   83886080 sda2
8        3   20971520 sda3
8        4          1 sda4
8        5    4194304 sda5
8        6    2104515 sda6
8        7    1060258 sda7
8       16  125829120 sdb
8       32   20971520 sdc
8       48   20971520 sdd
8       64   20971520 sde
[root@centos6 ~]#

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二、创建文件系统
mkfs命令：创建一个linux文件系统
mkfs - build a Linux file system
用法：
mkfs.fs_type /dev/device #fs_type{ext4 xfs btrfs vfat}
mkfs.fs_type /dev/device -L 'LABEL' #指定卷标

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演示：

[root@centos6 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda6 -L 'MYDATE'
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=MYDATE
操作系统:Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
131648 inodes, 526128 blocks
26306 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=541065216
17 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
7744 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (16384 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 27 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@centos6 ~]# blkdi
-bash: blkdi: command not found
[root@centos6 ~]# blkid
/dev/sda2: UUID="240533cf-b37f-4460-974f-702bab867da5" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda1: UUID="4e245c68-a392-4ce9-9a99-5d32d8d43872" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda3: UUID="86aa7b74-24df-4043-ba83-f3b41a99ce0e" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda5: UUID="f8ef48ef-b141-48e5-9735-ff9089bd54ba" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sda6: UUID="b153fa9a-5b82-4bbc-b580-9170ab88b4a6" TYPE="ext4" LABEL="MYDATE"
[root@centos6 ~]#

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mke2fs命令：创建ext系列文件系统
mke2fs - create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem
选项：
-t{ext2|ext3|ext4} #指定文件类型

-b{1024|2048|4096} #指定块大小

-L 'LABEL' #指定卷标

-j #相当于mke2fs -t ext3,mkfs.ext3 = mkfs -t ext3 = mke2fs -j = mke2fs -t ext3
-i #: 为数据空间中每多少个字节创建一个inode；此大 小不应该小于block的大小
-N #: 为数据空间创建杜少而过inode

-m #: 为管理员预留的空间占总空间的百分比，默认为5%

blkid命令：
blkid - command-line utility to locate/print block device attributes
选项：
-U:UUID #按UUID来查找到相应的设备
-L:LABEL #按卷标查找到相应的设备名
e2label命令：
用法：e2label device LABEL

e2lable deveice

tune2fs命令：重新设定文件系统的超级块可调参数的属性值
选项：
-L 'LABEL'：修改卷标
-j 将ext2升级到ext3
-o 调整文件系统挂载选项，acl，取消为^acl
-m #：修预留给管理员的空间百分比

dumpe2fs命令：
-h：查看超级块信息（分组信息），分区用分组管理
例如：dumpe2fs -h /dev/sda8 tune2fs -l /dev/sda8

文件修复和检测：
常发生于死机或者非正常关机之后，常发生于死机或者非正常关机之后
fsck: File System
Check fsck.FS_TYPE
fsck -t FS_TYPE

演示：
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[root@centos6 ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -b 2048 -L 'MAN' -m 1 /dev/sda8
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=MAN
操作系统:Linux
块大小=2048 (log=1)
分块大小=2048 (log=1)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
804864 inodes, 6438032 blocks
64380 blocks (1.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=544210944
393 block groups
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group
2048 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104,
2048000, 3981312, 5619712
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 30 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@centos6 ~]# mount /dev/sda8 /mnt
[root@centos6 ~]# tune2fs -l  /dev/sda8
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem volume name:   MAN
Last mounted on:          <not available>
Filesystem UUID:          8528b2b5-4dc3-48c9-91f5-a0d096442b36
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash
Default mount options:    (none)
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              804864
Block count:              6438032
Reserved block count:     64380
Free blocks:              6297100
Free inodes:              804853
First block:              0
Block size:               2048
Fragment size:            2048
Reserved GDT blocks:      512
Blocks per group:         16384
Fragments per group:      16384
Inodes per group:         2048
Inode blocks per group:   256
Flex block group size:    16
Filesystem created:       Mon Aug 22 22:43:55 2016
Last mount time:          Mon Aug 22 22:44:44 2016
Last write time:          Mon Aug 22 22:44:44 2016
Mount count:              1
Maximum mount count:      30
Last checked:             Mon Aug 22 22:43:55 2016
Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)
Next check after:         Sat Feb 18 22:43:55 2017
Lifetime writes:          262 MB
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:          256
Required extra isize:     28
Desired extra isize:      28
Journal inode:            8
Default directory hash:   half_md4
Directory Hash Seed:      c5fdca9f-fd8e-4a75-8301-39a64f0e9f3c
Journal backup:           inode blocks
[root@centos6 ~]# blkid /dev/sda8
/dev/sda8: LABEL="MAN" UUID="8528b2b5-4dc3-48c9-91f5-a0d096442b36" TYPE="ext4"
[root@centos6 ~]# blkid -U "8528b2b5-4dc3-48c9-91f5-a0d096442b36"
/dev/sda8
[root@centos6 ~]# blkid -L MAN
/dev/sda8
[root@centos6 ~]#
[root@centos6 ~]# e2label /dev/sda8 HUMAN
[root@centos6 ~]# e2label /dev/sda8
HUMAN
[root@centos6 ~]# tune2fs -L 'BABY'  /dev/sda8
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
[root@centos6 ~]# tune2fs -o acl /dev/sda8
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
[root@centos6 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sda8
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem volume name:   BABY
Last mounted on:          <not available>
Filesystem UUID:          8528b2b5-4dc3-48c9-91f5-a0d096442b36
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash
Default mount options:    acl
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              804864
Block count:              6438032
Reserved block count:     64380
Free blocks:              6297100
Free inodes:              804853
First block:              0
Block size:               2048
Fragment size:            2048
Reserved GDT blocks:      512
Blocks per group:         16384
Fragments per group:      16384
Inodes per group:         2048
Inode blocks per group:   256
Flex block group size:    16
Filesystem created:       Mon Aug 22 22:43:55 2016
Last mount time:          Mon Aug 22 22:44:44 2016
Last write time:          Mon Aug 22 23:01:13 2016
Mount count:              1
Maximum mount count:      30
Last checked:             Mon Aug 22 22:43:55 2016
Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)
Next check after:         Sat Feb 18 22:43:55 2017
Lifetime writes:          262 MB
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:	          256
Required extra isize:     28
Desired extra isize:      28
Journal inode:            8
Default directory hash:   half_md4
Directory Hash Seed:      c5fdca9f-fd8e-4a75-8301-39a64f0e9f3c
Journal backup:           inode blocks
[root@centos6 ~]# tune2fs -m 5 /dev/sda8
tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Setting reserved blocks percentage to 5% (321901 blocks)
[root@centos6 ~]# tune2fs -l /dev/sda8

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三、挂载文件系统
mount命令：
用法：
mount DEVICE MOUNT_POINT
mount [-fnrsvw] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir
挂载方式：
1）设备文件 例如：mount /dev/sda5 /mnt
2）卷标 例如：mount -L 'MYDATE' /mnt
3）UUID 例如：mount -U '40d51666-7a52-4613-bac9-0a1f27afeee8'/mnt
选项：

-t:指定文件类型

-r:只读挂载

-w:读写挂载

-n:不更新/etc/mtab

-a:自定挂载/etc/fstab定义的设备

-L:卷标

-U:uuid

-B:绑定目录到另一个目录上
查看内核最终到的挂载的所有设备：cat /proc/mounts
-o options：(挂载文件系统的选项)，多个选项使用逗号分隔 async：异步模式 sync：同步模式,内存更改时，同时写磁盘 atime/noatime：包含目录和文件 diratime/nodiratime：目录的访问时间戳 auto/noauto：是否支持自动挂载,是否支持-a选项 exec/noexec：是否支持将文件系统上运行应用程序 dev/nodev：是否支持在此文件系统上使用设备文件 suid/nosuid：不否支持suid和sgid权限 remount：重新挂载 ro：只读 rw：读写 user/nouser：是否允许普通用户挂载此设备，默认管理员才能挂载 acl：启用此文件系统上的acl功能 Defaults：相当于rw, nosuid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async

umount命令：
umount DEVICE
umount MOUNT_POINT

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四、挂载至配置文件
/etc/fstab 每行定义一个要挂载的文件系统说明

[root@centos6 ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Aug 11 03:07:57 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=240533cf-b37f-4460-974f-702bab867da5 /            ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=4e245c68-a392-4ce9-9a99-5d32d8d43872 /boot          ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=86aa7b74-24df-4043-ba83-f3b41a99ce0e /testdir         ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=f8ef48ef-b141-48e5-9735-ff9089bd54ba swap           swap    defaults        0 0
tmpfs                   /dev/shm         tmpfs   defaults         0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts         devpts  gid=5,mode=620          0 0
sysfs                   /sys           sysfs   defaults         0 0
proc                    /proc          proc    defaults        0 0
#要挂载的设备或为文件系统         #挂载点         #文件类型   #选项             #转储 #自检
[root@centos6 ~

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