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第三周作业

2016-08-21 10:57 225 查看
1、列出当前系统上所有已经登录的用户的用户名，注意：同一个用户登录多次，则只显示一次即可。
用who命令显示出所有的登录用户名
[root@localhost ~]# who
cpl      tty1         2016-08-22 09:28 (:0)
root     pts/0        2016-08-22 09:28 (192.168.0.108)
再用以下命令去重

[root@localhost ~]# who | cut -d' ' -f1|uniq
cpl
root
[root@localhost ~]# who | cut -d" " -f1 | uniq
cpl
root
[root@localhost ~]# who|cut -d' ' -f1|sort -u
cpl
root


2、取出最后登录到当前系统的用户的相关信息。

[root@localhost ~]# who |tail -n 1|cut -d' ' -f1|id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) 组=0(root) 环境=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023
[root@localhost ~]# id $(who |tail -n 1|cut -d' ' -f1)
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) 组=0(root)
3、取出当前系统上被用户当作其默认shell的最多的那个shell。


取出当前所有使用的shell
[root@localhost ~]#  cut -d":" -f7 /etc/passwd | uniq -c | sort -n
1 /bin/bash
1 /bin/bash
1 /bin/sync
1 /sbin/halt
1 /sbin/shutdown
4 /sbin/nologin
25 /sbin/nologin
#可取消 ：左右的双引号或者替换为单引号
在取出默认

[root@localhost ~]# cut -d: -f7 /etc/passwd | uniq -c | sort -n | tail -1
25 /sbin/nologin

#或者

[root@localhost ~]#  cut -d: -f7 /etc/passwd | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -n 1
25 /sbin/nologin
4、将/etc/passw d 中的第三个字段数值最大的后10个用户的信息全部改为大写后保存至/tmp/maxusers.txt文件中。

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/passwd|sort -n -k 3 -t:|tail -10|tr ‘a-z’ ‘A-Z’ >/tmp/maxusers.txt
[root@localhost ~]# cat maxusers.txt
POSTFIX:X:89:89::/VAR/SPOOL/POSTFIX:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
NOBODY:X:99:99:NOBODY:/:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
USBMUXD:X:113:113:USBMUXD USER:/:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
AVAHI-AUTOIPD:X:170:170:AVAHI IPV4LL STACK:/VAR/LIB/AVAHI-AUTOIPD:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
ABRT:X:173:173::/ETC/ABRT:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
PULSE:X:497:496:PULSEAUDIO SYSTEM DAEMON:/VAR/RUN/PULSE:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
SASLAUTH:X:498:76:SASLAUTHD USER:/VAR/EMPTY/SASLAUTH:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
RTKIT:X:499:499:REALTIMEKIT:/PROC:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
CPL:X:500:500:CPL:/HOME/CPL:/BIN/BASH
NFSNOBODY:X:65534:65534:ANONYMOUS NFS USER:/VAR/LIB/NFS:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
5、取出当前主机的IP地址，提示：对ifconfig命令的结果进行切分。

[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:3D:9A:46
inet addr:192.168.0.102  Bcast:192.168.0.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe3d:9a46/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
RX packets:15603 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4427 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:21733117 (20.7 MiB)  TX bytes:338923 (330.9 KiB)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
RX packets:28 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:28 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:2048 (2.0 KiB)  TX bytes:2048 (2.0 KiB)
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig | grep "inet addr" | cut -d: -f2| cut -d" " -f1
192.168.0.102
127.0.0.1
6、列出/etc目录下所有以.conf结尾的文件的文件名，并将其名字转换为大写后保存至/tmp/etc.conf文件中。

[root@localhost ~]# ls /etc/*.conf | tr a-z A-Z >/tmp/etc.conf
[root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/etc.conf
/ETC/ASOUND.CONF
/ETC/AUTOFS.CONF
/ETC/AUTOFS_LDAP_AUTH.CONF
/ETC/CAS.CONF
/ETC/DNSMASQ.CONF
/ETC/DRACUT.CONF
/ETC/FPRINTD.CONF
/ETC/GAI.CONF
/ETC/GRUB.CONF
/ETC/GSSAPI_MECH.CONF
/ETC/HOST.CONF
/ETC/IDMAPD.CONF
/ETC/INIT.CONF
/ETC/KDUMP.CONF
7、显示/var目录下一级子目录或文件的总个数。

[root@localhost ~]#  ls /var | wc -w
21

#或者

[root@localhost ~]# ls /var | wc -l
21
8、取出/etc/group文件中第三个字段数值最小的10个组的名字。

[root@localhost ~]# sort -t: -k3 -n /etc/group | head -10 | cut -d: -f1
root
bin
daemon
sys
adm
tty
disk
lp
mem
kmem
9、将/etc/fstab和/etc/issue文件的内容合并为同一个内容后保存至/tmp/etc.test文件中。

[root@localhost tmp]# cat /etc/fstab /etc/issue > /tmp/etc.test
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
etc.conf        maxusers.txt        pulse-U9em3Y4q4RUQ  virtual-cpl.zEJpRG  vmware-root
etc.test        orbit-cpl           vgauthsvclog.txt.0  vmware-config0      yum.log
keyring-X6CoM8  orbit-gdm           virtual-cpl.MThlGH  vmware-cpl
keyring-xPxmHy  pulse-HwnH1KzJuelY  virtual-cpl.oh8ean  VMwareDnD
[root@localhost tmp]# cat etc.test

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Aug 16 05:26:36 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=5d6bc760-8aa8-4209-a5ab-2d8fe3da2e27 /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_home /home                   ext4    defaults        1 2
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
CentOS release 6.8 (Final)
Kernel \r on an \m
10、请总结描述用户和组管理类命令的使用方法并完成以下练习：

(1)、创建组distro，其GID为2016；

[root@localhost ~]# groupadd -g 2016 distro
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/group
#前面省
stapusr:x:156:
stapsys:x:157:
stapdev:x:158:
tcpdump:x:72:
cpl:x:500:
distro:x:2016:
(2)、创建用户mandriva, 其ID号为1005；基本组为distro；

[root@localhost ~]# useradd -u 1005 -g  distro mandiriva
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/cache/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:499:499:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:498:76:Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
cpl:x:500:500:cpl:/home/cpl:/bin/bash
mandriva:x:1005:2016::/home/mandriva:/bin/bash
(3)、创建用户mageia，其ID号为1100，家目录为/home/linux;

[root@localhost ~]# useradd -u 1100 -m -d /home/linux mageia
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/cache/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:499:499:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:498:76:Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
cpl:x:500:500:cpl:/home/cpl:/bin/bash
mandriva:x:1005:2016::/home/mandriva:/bin/bash
mageia:x:1100:1100::/home/linux:/bin/bash
(4)、给用户mageia添加密码，密码为mageedu；

[root@localhost ~]# echo mageedu | passwd --stdin mageia
更改用户 mageia 的密码 。
passwd： 所有的身份验证令牌已经成功更新。


(5)、删除mandriva，但保留其家目录；

[root@localhost ~]# userdel mandriva

(6)、创建用户slackware，其ID号为2002，基本组为distro，附加组peguin；

[root@localhost ~]# groupadd peguin
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -u 2002 -g 2016 -G peguin slackware
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/group
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:bin,daemon
daemon:x:2:bin,daemon
sys:x:3:bin,adm
adm:x:4:adm,daemon
tty:x:5:
disk:x:6:
lp:x:7:daemon
mem:x:8:
kmem:x:9:
wheel:x:10:
mail:x:12:mail,postfix
uucp:x:14:
man:x:15:
games:x:20:
gopher:x:30:
video:x:39:
dip:x:40:
ftp:x:50:
lock:x:54:
audio:x:63:
nobody:x:99:
users:x:100:
dbus:x:81:
usbmuxd:x:113:
rpc:x:32:
utmp:x:22:
utempter:x:35:
rtkit:x:499:
avahi-autoipd:x:170:
desktop_admin_r:x:498:
desktop_user_r:x:497:
floppy:x:19:
vcsa:x:69:
abrt:x:173:
cdrom:x:11:
tape:x:33:
dialout:x:18:
wbpriv:x:88:
rpcuser:x:29:
nfsnobody:x:65534:
haldaemon:x:68:haldaemon
ntp:x:38:
apache:x:48:
saslauth:x:76:
postdrop:x:90:
postfix:x:89:
gdm:x:42:
pulse:x:496:
pulse-access:x:495:
fuse:x:494:
sshd:x:74:
slocate:x:21:
stapusr:x:156:
stapsys:x:157:
stapdev:x:158:
tcpdump:x:72:
cpl:x:500:
distro:x:2016:
mageia:x:1100:
peguin:x:2017:slackware


(7)、修改slackware的默认shell为/bin/tcsh；

[root@localhost ~]# usermod -s /bin/tcsh slackware
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/cache/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:499:499:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:498:76:Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
cpl:x:500:500:cpl:/home/cpl:/bin/bash
mageia:x:1100:1100::/home/linux:/bin/bash
slackware:x:2002:2016::/home/slackware:/bin/tcsh


(8)、为用户slackware新增附加组admins；

[root@localhost ~]# groupadd admins
[root@localhost ~]# usermod -a -G admins slackware
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/group
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:bin,daemon
daemon:x:2:bin,daemon
sys:x:3:bin,adm
adm:x:4:adm,daemon
tty:x:5:
disk:x:6:
lp:x:7:daemon
mem:x:8:
kmem:x:9:
wheel:x:10:
mail:x:12:mail,postfix
uucp:x:14:
man:x:15:
games:x:20:
gopher:x:30:
video:x:39:
dip:x:40:
ftp:x:50:
lock:x:54:
audio:x:63:
nobody:x:99:
users:x:100:
dbus:x:81:
usbmuxd:x:113:
rpc:x:32:
utmp:x:22:
utempter:x:35:
rtkit:x:499:
avahi-autoipd:x:170:
desktop_admin_r:x:498:
desktop_user_r:x:497:
floppy:x:19:
vcsa:x:69:
abrt:x:173:
cdrom:x:11:
tape:x:33:
dialout:x:18:
wbpriv:x:88:
rpcuser:x:29:
nfsnobody:x:65534:
haldaemon:x:68:haldaemon
ntp:x:38:
apache:x:48:
saslauth:x:76:
postdrop:x:90:
postfix:x:89:
gdm:x:42:
pulse:x:496:
pulse-access:x:495:
fuse:x:494:
sshd:x:74:
slocate:x:21:
stapusr:x:156:
stapsys:x:157:
stapdev:x:158:
tcpdump:x:72:
cpl:x:500:
distro:x:2016:
mageia:x:1100:
peguin:x:2017:slackware
admins:x:2018:slackware
(9)、为slackware添加密码，且要求密码最短使用期限为3天，最长为180天，警告为3天；

[root@localhost ~]# passwd -n 3 -x 180 -w 3 slackware
调整用户密码老化数据slackware。
passwd: 操作成功
[root@localhost ~]# echo 123456 | passwd --stdin slackware
更改用户 slackware 的密码 。
passwd： 所有的身份验证令牌已经成功更新。
(10)、添加用户openstack，其ID号为3003, 基本组为clouds，附加组为peguin和nova；

[root@localhost ~]# groupadd clouds
[root@localhost ~]# groupadd nova
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -u 3003 -g clouds -G peguin,nova openstack
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/group
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:bin,daemon
daemon:x:2:bin,daemon
sys:x:3:bin,adm
adm:x:4:adm,daemon
tty:x:5:
disk:x:6:
lp:x:7:daemon
mem:x:8:
kmem:x:9:
wheel:x:10:
mail:x:12:mail,postfix
uucp:x:14:
man:x:15:
games:x:20:
gopher:x:30:
video:x:39:
dip:x:40:
ftp:x:50:
lock:x:54:
audio:x:63:
nobody:x:99:
users:x:100:
dbus:x:81:
usbmuxd:x:113:
rpc:x:32:
utmp:x:22:
utempter:x:35:
rtkit:x:499:
avahi-autoipd:x:170:
desktop_admin_r:x:498:
desktop_user_r:x:497:
floppy:x:19:
vcsa:x:69:
abrt:x:173:
cdrom:x:11:
tape:x:33:
dialout:x:18:
wbpriv:x:88:
rpcuser:x:29:
nfsnobody:x:65534:
haldaemon:x:68:haldaemon
ntp:x:38:
apache:x:48:
saslauth:x:76:
postdrop:x:90:
postfix:x:89:
gdm:x:42:
pulse:x:496:
pulse-access:x:495:
fuse:x:494:
sshd:x:74:
slocate:x:21:
stapusr:x:156:
stapsys:x:157:
stapdev:x:158:
tcpdump:x:72:
cpl:x:500:
distro:x:2016:
mageia:x:1100:
peguin:x:2017:slackware,openstack
admins:x:2018:slackware
clouds:x:2019:
nova:x:2020:openstack
(11)、添加系统用户mysql，要求其shell为/sbin/nologin；

[root@localhost ~]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin mysql
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/cache/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:499:499:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:498:76:Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
cpl:x:500:500:cpl:/home/cpl:/bin/bash
mageia:x:1100:1100::/home/linux:/bin/bash
slackware:x:2002:2016::/home/slackware:/bin/tcsh
openstack:x:3003:2019::/home/openstack:/bin/bash
mysql:x:496:493::/home/mysql:/sbin/nologin
(12)、使用echo命令，非交互式为openstack添加密码。
[root@localhost ~]# echo '12345678' | passwd --stdin openstack
更改用户 openstack 的密码 。
passwd： 所有的身份验证令牌已经成功更新。
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