Android中的线程机制（Handler Looper）（二）

在上一篇中我们通过handler的发送消息方法实现了计时器的功能。在子线程中发送更新消息，主线程中来处理消息。那么是不是只能是主线程处理消息呢？其他线程要想处理消息又该如何实现呢？

实际上：消息发送和计划任务提交之后，它们都会进入某线程的消息队列中，我们可以把这个线程称之为目标线程。不论是主线程还是子线程都可以成为目标线程。上例中之所以在主线程中处理消息，是因为我们要更新UI，按照Android中的规定我们必须由主线程更新UI。所以我们让主线程成为了目标线程。

那么如何控制让某个线程成为目标线程呢？

这就引出了Looper的概念。Android系统中实现了消息循环机制，Android的消息循环是针对线程的，每个线程都可以有自己的消息队列和消息循环。Android系统中的通过Looper帮助线程维护着一个消息队列和消息循环。通过Looper.myLooper()得到当前线程的Looper对象，通过Looper.getMainLooper()得到当前进程的主线程的Looper对象。如Looper中的部分源码：

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public class Looper {
private static final boolean DEBUG = false;
private static final boolean localLOGV = DEBUG ? Config.LOGD : Config.LOGV;

// sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
private static final ThreadLocal sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal();

final MessageQueue mQueue;
volatile boolean mRun;
Thread mThread;
private Printer mLogging = null;
private static Looper mMainLooper = null;

/** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
* This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
* this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
* {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
* {@link #quit()}.
*/
public static final void prepare() {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper());
}
public static final void loop() {
Looper me = myLooper();
MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
while (true) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
//if (!me.mRun) {
// break;
//}
if (msg != null) {
if (msg.target == null) {
// No target is a magic identifier for the quit message.
return;
}
if (me.mLogging!= null) me.mLogging.println(
">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " "
+ msg.callback + ": " + msg.what
);
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
if (me.mLogging!= null) me.mLogging.println(
"<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " "
+ msg.callback);
msg.recycle();
}
}
}

public class Looper {
private static final boolean DEBUG = false;
private static final boolean localLOGV = DEBUG ? Config.LOGD : Config.LOGV;

// sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
private static final ThreadLocal sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal();

final MessageQueue mQueue;
volatile boolean mRun;
Thread mThread;
private Printer mLogging = null;
private static Looper mMainLooper = null;

/** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
* This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
* this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
* {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
* {@link #quit()}.
*/
public static final void prepare() {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper());
}
public static final void loop() {
Looper me = myLooper();
MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
while (true) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
//if (!me.mRun) {
//    break;
//}
if (msg != null) {
if (msg.target == null) {
// No target is a magic identifier for the quit message.
return;
}
if (me.mLogging!= null) me.mLogging.println(
">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " "
+ msg.callback + ": " + msg.what
);
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
if (me.mLogging!= null) me.mLogging.println(
"<<<<< Finished to    " + msg.target + " "
+ msg.callback);
msg.recycle();
}
}
}

前面提到每个线程都可以有自己的消息队列和消息循环，然而我们自己创建的线程默认是没有消息队列和消息循环的（及Looper），要想让一个线程具有消息处理机制我们应该在线程中先调用Looper.prepare()来创建一个Looper对象，然后调用Looper.loop()进入消息循环。如上面的源码所示。示例代码如下：

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class LooperThread extends Thread { public Handler mHandler; public void run() { Looper.prepare(); mHandler = new Handler() { public void handleMessage(Message msg) { // process incoming messages here } }; Looper.loop(); }

class LooperThread extends Thread {
public Handler mHandler;

public void run() {
Looper.prepare();

mHandler = new Handler() {
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
// process incoming messages here
}
};

Looper.loop();
}

当我们用Handler的构造方法创建Handler对象时，指定handler对象与哪个具有消息处理机制的线程（具有Looper的线程）相关联，这个线程就成了目标线程，可以接受消息和计划任务了。Handler中的构造方法如下：

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public Handler() {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}

mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = null;
}

public Handler(Looper looper) {
mLooper = looper;
mQueue = looper.mQueue;
mCallback = null;
}

public Handler() {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}

mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = null;
}

public Handler(Looper looper) {
mLooper = looper;
mQueue = looper.mQueue;
mCallback = null;
}

在上述的计时器的例子中，之所以可以在主线程中处理消息而我们自己并没有调用Looper.prepare()等方法，是因为Android系统在Activity启动时为其创建一个消息队列和消息循环，当我们用无参的Handler构造方法创建对象时又用了当前线程的Looper对象，及将handler与主线程中的Looper对象进行了关联。

android中是使用Looper机制来完成消息循环的，但每次创建线程时都先初始化Looper比较麻烦，因此Android为我们提供了一个HandlerThread类，他封装了Looper对象，是我们不用关心Looper的开启和释放问题。

不管是主线程还是其他线程只要有Looper的线程，别的线程就可以向这个线程的消息队列中发送消息和任务。

我们使用HandlerThread类代替上一篇文章中的子线程，并用HandlerThread类中的Looper对象构造Handler，则接受消息的目标线程就不是主线程了，而是HandlerThread线程。代码如下：

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public class clockActivity extends Activity {
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
private String TAG="clockActivity";
private Button endButton;
private TextView textView;
private int timer=0;
private boolean isRunning=true;
private Handler handler;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
endButton=(Button)findViewById(R.id.endBtn);
textView=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textview);
endButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
isRunning=false;
}
});
HandlerThread thread=new HandlerThread("myThread");
handler=new Handler(thread.getLooper());//与HandlerThread中的Looper对象关联
thread.start();
Runnable r=new Runnable(){

@Override
public void run() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if(isRunning){
textView.setText("走了"+timer+"秒");
timer++;
handler.postDelayed(this, 1000);//提交任务r，延时1秒执行
}
}
};
handler.postDelayed(r, 1000);
}
}

public class clockActivity extends Activity {
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
private String TAG="clockActivity";
private Button endButton;
private TextView textView;
private int timer=0;
private boolean isRunning=true;
private Handler handler;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
endButton=(Button)findViewById(R.id.endBtn);
textView=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.textview);
endButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
isRunning=false;
}
});
HandlerThread thread=new HandlerThread("myThread");
handler=new Handler(thread.getLooper());//与HandlerThread中的Looper对象关联
thread.start();
Runnable r=new Runnable(){

@Override
public void run() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if(isRunning){
textView.setText("走了"+timer+"秒");
timer++;
handler.postDelayed(this, 1000);//提交任务r，延时1秒执行
}
}
};
handler.postDelayed(r, 1000);
}
}

此时处理任务会在handlerThread线程中完成。当然这个例子会出线异常：依然是因为在非主线程中更新了UI。这样做只是为了大家能够理解这种机制。

深入理解Android消息处理机制对于应用程序开发非常重要，也可以让我们对线程同步有更加深刻的认识，希望这篇文章可以对朋友们有所帮助。