记忆信息的三级加工模型

Multi Store Model (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968)

The multi store model is a classic model of memory. It is sometimes called the modal model or the dual process model.

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) suggest that memory is made up of a series of stores (see below)



The multi store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968) describes memory in terms of information flowing through a system.

Information is detected by the sense organs and enters the sensory memory.

If attended to this information enters the short term memory.

Information from the STM is transferred to the long-term memory only if that information is rehearsed.

If rehearsal does not occur, then information is forgotten, lost from short term memory through the processes of displacement or decay.

 

Sensory Memory

• Duration: 1-2 seconds

• Capacity: all sensory experience (Difficult to test, thought to be quite large)

• Encoding: Modality Specific (can be visual, acoustic, tactile, etc. depending on the sense being used)

Short
Term Memory

• Duration: Between 15 and 30 seconds

• Capacity: 7 ± 2 items or chunks

• Encoding: Thought to be acoustic (due to studies such as Conrad) but may depend on task (see working
memory model)

Long
Term Memory

• Duration: Unlimited(A very long time, but difficult to test)

• Capacity: Unlimited(Very large)

• Encoding: Mainly Semantic (but can be visual and auditory)  

Evaluation of the Multi-Store Model

Strengths

 

Many memory studies provide evidence to support the distinction between STM and LTM (in terms of encoding, duration
and capacity). The model can account for primacy
& regency effects.

 

The model is influential as it has generated a lot of research into memory.

 

The model is supported by studies of amnesiacs: For example the HM case study. HM is still alive but has marked problems in
long-term memory after brain surgery. He has remembered little of personal (death of mother and father) or public events ( Watergate , Vietnam War) that have occurred over the last 45 years. However his short-term memory remains intact.

 

 

Weaknesses

 

The model is oversimplified, in particular when it suggests that both short-term and long-term memory each operate in a single,
uniform fashion. We now know is this not the case.

 

It has now become apparent that both short-term and long-term memory are more complicated that previously thought. For example, the Working
Model of Memory proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) showed that short term memory is more than just one simple unitary store and comprises different components (e.g. central executive, visuo-spatial etc.).

 

In the case of long-term memory, it is unlikely that different kinds of knowledge, such as remembering how to play a computer game, the rules
of subtraction and remembering what we did yesterday are all stored within a single, long-term memory store. Indeed different types of long-term memory have been identified, namely episodic (memories of events), procedural (knowledge of how
to do things) and semantic (general knowledge).

 

The model suggests rehearsal helps to transfer information into LTM but this is not essential. Why are we able
to recall information which we did not rehearse (e.g. swimming) yet unable to recall information which we have rehearsed (e.g. reading your notes while revising). Therefore, the role of rehearsal as a means of transferring from STM to LTM is much less important
than Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) claimed in their model.

 

However, the models main emphasis was on structure and tends to neglect the process elements of memory (e.g. it only focuses
on attention and rehearsal).

 

The multi
store model has been criticised for being a passive/one way/linear model.

记忆信息的三级加工模型是阿特杰森和希福林首先提出的，认为外界信息进入记忆系统后，经历了感觉记忆、短时记忆和长时记忆三个阶段。外部信息先输入感觉记忆，感觉记忆有丰富的信息，他具有各感觉通道的某些特征，可以被分为图像记忆、声像记忆等，但很快就会消失。有些信息会重新编码进入短时记忆，信息编码的形式可以是听觉的、口语的或书面语言的，短时记忆的信息也会很快消失。短时记忆可以被看做是一个缓冲器，短时记忆也可以被看做是信息进入长时记忆的加工器。长时记忆是一个真正的信息库，信息在这里可以是听觉的、口语的、书面语言的或视觉的编码方式。长时记忆中的信息可能因为消退、干扰或强度降低而不能提取出来，但这些信息的贮存可以说是永久的。在这个模型中。信息从一个记忆阶段转到另一个阶段多半是受人有意识或无意识控制的。复述是完成信息转移的关键，简单的保持复述是不能起到作用的，只有精确的整合性复述才能将复述材料加以组织，并与其他信息联系起来，在更深层次上加工，信息才能从短时记忆转入长时记忆。