Python标准库The Python Standard Library

While The Python Language Reference describes the exact syntax and semantics of the Python
language, this library reference manual describes the standard library that is distributed with Python. It also describes some of the optional components that are commonly included in Python distributions.

Python’s standard library is very extensive, offering a wide range of facilities as indicated by the long table of contents listed below. The library contains built-in modules (written in C) that provide access to system functionality such as file I/O that
would otherwise be inaccessible to Python programmers, as well as modules written in Python that provide standardized solutions for many problems that occur in everyday programming. Some of these modules are explicitly designed to encourage and enhance the
portability of Python programs by abstracting away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs.

The Python installers for the Windows platform usually include the entire standard library and often also include many additional components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided as a collection of packages, so it may be necessary to
use the packaging tools provided with the operating system to obtain some or all of the optional components.

In addition to the standard library, there is a growing collection of several thousand components (from individual programs and modules to packages and entire application development frameworks), available from the Python
Package Index.

1. Introduction
2. Built-in Functions
3.
Non-essential Built-in Functions
4. Built-in Constants

4.1.
Constants added by the

site

module

5. Built-in Types

5.1. Truth Value
Testing
5.2.
Boolean Operations —

and

,

or

,

not

5.3. Comparisons
5.4.
Numeric Types —

int

,

float

,

long

,

complex

5.5. Iterator Types
5.6.
Sequence Types —

str

,

unicode

,

list

,

tuple

,

bytearray

,

buffer

,

xrange

5.7. Set Types
—

set

,

frozenset

5.8. Mapping Types
—

dict

5.9. File Objects
5.10. memoryview type
5.11. Context
Manager Types
5.12. Other Built-in
Types
5.13. Special Attributes

6. Built-in Exceptions

6.1. Exception
hierarchy

7. String Services

7.1.

string

—
Common string operations
7.2.

re

—
Regular expression operations
7.3.

struct

—
Interpret strings as packed binary data
7.4.

difflib

—
Helpers for computing deltas
7.5.

StringIO

—
Read and write strings as files
7.6.

cStringIO

—
Faster version of

StringIO

7.7.

textwrap

—
Text wrapping and filling
7.8.

codecs

—
Codec registry and base classes
7.9.

unicodedata

—
Unicode Database
7.10.

stringprep

—
Internet String Preparation
7.11.

fpformat

—
Floating point conversions

8. Data Types

8.1.

datetime

—
Basic date and time types
8.2.

calendar

—
General calendar-related functions
8.3.

collections

—
High-performance container datatypes
8.4.

heapq

—
Heap queue algorithm
8.5.

bisect

—
Array bisection algorithm
8.6.

array

—
Efficient arrays of numeric values
8.7.

sets

—
Unordered collections of unique elements
8.8.

sched

—
Event scheduler
8.9.

mutex

—
Mutual exclusion support
8.10.

Queue

—
A synchronized queue class
8.11.

weakref

—
Weak references
8.12.

UserDict

—
Class wrapper for dictionary objects
8.13.

UserList

—
Class wrapper for list objects
8.14.

UserString

—
Class wrapper for string objects
8.15.

types

—
Names for built-in types
8.16.

new

—
Creation of runtime internal objects
8.17.

copy

—
Shallow and deep copy operations
8.18.

pprint

—
Data pretty printer
8.19.

repr

—
Alternate

repr()

implementation

9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules

9.1.

numbers

—
Numeric abstract base classes
9.2.

math

—
Mathematical functions
9.3.

cmath

—
Mathematical functions for complex numbers
9.4.

decimal

—
Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
9.5.

fractions

—
Rational numbers
9.6.

random

—
Generate pseudo-random numbers
9.7.

itertools

—
Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
9.8.

functools

—
Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
9.9.

operator

—
Standard operators as functions

10. File and Directory Access

10.1.

os.path

—
Common pathname manipulations
10.2.

fileinput

—
Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
10.3.

stat

—
Interpreting

stat()

results
10.4.

statvfs

—
Constants used with

os.statvfs()

10.5.

filecmp

—
File and Directory Comparisons
10.6.

tempfile

—
Generate temporary files and directories
10.7.

glob

—
Unix style pathname pattern expansion
10.8.

fnmatch

—
Unix filename pattern matching
10.9.

linecache

—
Random access to text lines
10.10.

shutil

—
High-level file operations
10.11.

dircache

—
Cached directory listings
10.12.

macpath

—
Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions

11. Data Persistence

11.1.

pickle

—
Python object serialization
11.2.

cPickle

—
A faster

pickle

11.3.

copy_reg

—
Register

pickle

support functions
11.4.

shelve

—
Python object persistence
11.5.

marshal

—
Internal Python object serialization
11.6.

anydbm

—
Generic access to DBM-style databases
11.7.

whichdb

—
Guess which DBM module created a database
11.8.

dbm

—
Simple “database” interface
11.9.

gdbm

—
GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm
11.10.

dbhash

—
DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
11.11.

bsddb

—
Interface to Berkeley DB library
11.12.

dumbdbm

—
Portable DBM implementation
11.13.

sqlite3

—
DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases

12. Data Compression and Archiving

12.1.

zlib

—
Compression compatible with gzip
12.2.

gzip

—
Support for gzip files
12.3.

bz2

—
Compression compatible with bzip2
12.4.

zipfile

—
Work with ZIP archives
12.5.

tarfile

—
Read and write tar archive files

13. File Formats

13.1.

csv

—
CSV File Reading and Writing
13.2.

ConfigParser

—
Configuration file parser
13.3.

robotparser

—
Parser for robots.txt
13.4.

netrc

—
netrc file processing
13.5.

xdrlib

—
Encode and decode XDR data
13.6.

plistlib

—
Generate and parse Mac OS X

.plist

files

14. Cryptographic Services

14.1.

hashlib

—
Secure hashes and message digests
14.2.

hmac

—
Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
14.3.

md5

—
MD5 message digest algorithm
14.4.

sha

—
SHA-1 message digest algorithm

15. Generic Operating System Services

15.1.

os

—
Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
15.2.

io

—
Core tools for working with streams
15.3.

time

—
Time access and conversions
15.4.

argparse

—
Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
15.5.

optparse

—
Parser for command line options
15.6.

getopt

—
C-style parser for command line options
15.7.

logging

—
Logging facility for Python
15.8.

logging.config

—
Logging configuration
15.9.

logging.handlers

—
Logging handlers
15.10.

getpass

—
Portable password input
15.11.

curses

—
Terminal handling for character-cell displays
15.12.

curses.textpad

—
Text input widget for curses programs
15.13.

curses.ascii

—
Utilities for ASCII characters
15.14.

curses.panel

—
A panel stack extension for curses
15.15.

platform

—
Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
15.16.

errno

—
Standard errno system symbols
15.17.

ctypes

—
A foreign function library for Python

16. Optional Operating System Services

16.1.

select

—
Waiting for I/O completion
16.2.

threading

—
Higher-level threading interface
16.3.

thread

—
Multiple threads of control
16.4.

dummy_threading

—
Drop-in replacement for the

threading

module
16.5.

dummy_thread

—
Drop-in replacement for the

thread

module
16.6.

multiprocessing

—
Process-based “threading” interface
16.7.

mmap

—
Memory-mapped file support
16.8.

readline

—
GNU readline interface
16.9.

rlcompleter

—
Completion function for GNU readline

17. Interprocess Communication and Networking

17.1.

subprocess

—
Subprocess management
17.2.

socket

—
Low-level networking interface
17.3.

ssl

—
TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
17.4.

signal

—
Set handlers for asynchronous events
17.5.

popen2

—
Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
17.6.

asyncore

—
Asynchronous socket handler
17.7.

asynchat

—
Asynchronous socket command/response handler

18. Internet Data Handling

18.1.

email

—
An email and MIME handling package
18.2.

json

—
JSON encoder and decoder
18.3.

mailcap

—
Mailcap file handling
18.4.

mailbox

—
Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
18.5.

mhlib

—
Access to MH mailboxes
18.6.

mimetools

—
Tools for parsing MIME messages
18.7.

mimetypes

—
Map filenames to MIME types
18.8.

MimeWriter

—
Generic MIME file writer
18.9.

mimify

—
MIME processing of mail messages
18.10.

multifile

—
Support for files containing distinct parts
18.11.

rfc822

—
Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
18.12.

base64

—
RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
18.13.

binhex

—
Encode and decode binhex4 files
18.14.

binascii

—
Convert between binary and ASCII
18.15.

quopri

—
Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
18.16.

uu

—
Encode and decode uuencode files

19. Structured Markup Processing Tools

19.1.

HTMLParser

—
Simple HTML and XHTML parser
19.2.

sgmllib

—
Simple SGML parser
19.3.

htmllib

—
A parser for HTML documents
19.4.

htmlentitydefs

—
Definitions of HTML general entities
19.5. XML Processing Modules
19.6. XML vulnerabilities
19.7.

xml.etree.ElementTree

—
The ElementTree XML API
19.8.

xml.dom

—
The Document Object Model API
19.9.

xml.dom.minidom

—
Minimal DOM implementation
19.10.

xml.dom.pulldom

—
Support for building partial DOM trees
19.11.

xml.sax

—
Support for SAX2 parsers
19.12.

xml.sax.handler

—
Base classes for SAX handlers
19.13.

xml.sax.saxutils

—
SAX Utilities
19.14.

xml.sax.xmlreader

—
Interface for XML parsers
19.15.

xml.parsers.expat

—
Fast XML parsing using Expat

20. Internet Protocols and Support

20.1.

webbrowser

—
Convenient Web-browser controller
20.2.

cgi

—
Common Gateway Interface support
20.3.

cgitb

—
Traceback manager for CGI scripts
20.4.

wsgiref

—
WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
20.5.

urllib

—
Open arbitrary resources by URL
20.6.

urllib2

—
extensible library for opening URLs
20.7.

httplib

—
HTTP protocol client
20.8.

ftplib

—
FTP protocol client
20.9.

poplib

—
POP3 protocol client
20.10.

imaplib

—
IMAP4 protocol client
20.11.

nntplib

—
NNTP protocol client
20.12.

smtplib

—
SMTP protocol client
20.13.

smtpd

—
SMTP Server
20.14.

telnetlib

—
Telnet client
20.15.

uuid

—
UUID objects according to RFC 4122
20.16.

urlparse

—
Parse URLs into components
20.17.

SocketServer

—
A framework for network servers
20.18.

BaseHTTPServer

—
Basic HTTP server
20.19.

SimpleHTTPServer

—
Simple HTTP request handler
20.20.

CGIHTTPServer

—
CGI-capable HTTP request handler
20.21.

cookielib

—
Cookie handling for HTTP clients
20.22.

Cookie

—
HTTP state management
20.23.

xmlrpclib

—
XML-RPC client access
20.24.

SimpleXMLRPCServer

—
Basic XML-RPC server
20.25.

DocXMLRPCServer

—
Self-documenting XML-RPC server

21. Multimedia Services

21.1.

audioop

—
Manipulate raw audio data
21.2.

imageop

—
Manipulate raw image data
21.3.

aifc

—
Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
21.4.

sunau

—
Read and write Sun AU files
21.5.

wave

—
Read and write WAV files
21.6.

chunk

—
Read IFF chunked data
21.7.

colorsys

—
Conversions between color systems
21.8.

imghdr

—
Determine the type of an image
21.9.

sndhdr

—
Determine type of sound file
21.10.

ossaudiodev

—
Access to OSS-compatible audio devices

22. Internationalization

22.1.

gettext

—
Multilingual internationalization services
22.2.

locale

—
Internationalization services

23. Program Frameworks

23.1.

cmd

—
Support for line-oriented command interpreters
23.2.

shlex

—
Simple lexical analysis

24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk

24.1.

Tkinter

—
Python interface to Tcl/Tk
24.2.

ttk

—
Tk themed widgets
24.3.

Tix

—
Extension widgets for Tk
24.4.

ScrolledText

—
Scrolled Text Widget
24.5.

turtle

—
Turtle graphics for Tk
24.6. IDLE
24.7. Other Graphical User Interface
Packages

25. Development Tools

25.1.

pydoc

—
Documentation generator and online help system
25.2.

doctest

—
Test interactive Python examples
25.3.

unittest

—
Unit testing framework
25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code
translation
25.5.

test

—
Regression tests package for Python
25.6.

test.test_support

—
Utility functions for tests

26. Debugging and Profiling

26.1.

bdb

—
Debugger framework
26.2.

pdb

—
The Python Debugger
26.3. Debugger Commands
26.4. The Python Profilers
26.5.

hotshot

—
High performance logging profiler
26.6.

timeit

—
Measure execution time of small code snippets
26.7.

trace

—
Trace or track Python statement execution

27. Software Packaging and Distribution

27.1.

distutils

—
Building and installing Python modules
27.2.

ensurepip

—
Bootstrapping the

pip

installer

28. Python Runtime Services

28.1.

sys

—
System-specific parameters and functions
28.2.

sysconfig

—
Provide access to Python’s configuration information
28.3.

__builtin__

—
Built-in objects
28.4.

future_builtins

—
Python 3 builtins
28.5.

__main__

—
Top-level script environment
28.6.

warnings

—
Warning control
28.7.

contextlib

—
Utilities for

with

-statement contexts
28.8.

abc

—
Abstract Base Classes
28.9.

atexit

—
Exit handlers
28.10.

traceback

—
Print or retrieve a stack traceback
28.11.

__future__

—
Future statement definitions
28.12.

gc

—
Garbage Collector interface
28.13.

inspect

—
Inspect live objects
28.14.

site

—
Site-specific configuration hook
28.15.

user

—
User-specific configuration hook
28.16.

fpectl

—
Floating point exception control

29. Custom Python Interpreters

29.1.

code

—
Interpreter base classes
29.2.

codeop

—
Compile Python code

30. Restricted Execution

30.1.

rexec

—
Restricted execution framework
30.2.

Bastion

—
Restricting access to objects

31. Importing Modules

31.1.

imp

—
Access the

import

internals
31.2.

importlib

–
Convenience wrappers for

__import__()

31.3.

imputil

—
Import utilities
31.4.

zipimport

—
Import modules from Zip archives
31.5.

pkgutil

—
Package extension utility
31.6.

modulefinder

—
Find modules used by a script
31.7.

runpy

—
Locating and executing Python modules

32. Python Language Services

32.1.

parser

—
Access Python parse trees
32.2.

ast

—
Abstract Syntax Trees
32.3.

symtable

—
Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
32.4.

symbol

—
Constants used with Python parse trees
32.5.

token

—
Constants used with Python parse trees
32.6.

keyword

—
Testing for Python keywords
32.7.

tokenize

—
Tokenizer for Python source
32.8.

tabnanny

—
Detection of ambiguous indentation
32.9.

pyclbr

—
Python class browser support
32.10.

py_compile

—
Compile Python source files
32.11.

compileall

—
Byte-compile Python libraries
32.12.

dis

—
Disassembler for Python bytecode
32.13.

pickletools

—
Tools for pickle developers

33. Python compiler package

33.1. The basic interface
33.2. Limitations
33.3. Python
Abstract Syntax
33.4. Using
Visitors to Walk ASTs
33.5. Bytecode
Generation

34. Miscellaneous Services

34.1.

formatter

—
Generic output formatting

35. MS Windows Specific Services

35.1.

msilib

—
Read and write Microsoft Installer files
35.2.

msvcrt

–
Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
35.3.

_winreg

–
Windows registry access
35.4.

winsound

—
Sound-playing interface for Windows

36. Unix Specific Services

36.1.

posix

—
The most common POSIX system calls
36.2.

pwd

—
The password database
36.3.

spwd

—
The shadow password database
36.4.

grp

—
The group database
36.5.

crypt

—
Function to check Unix passwords
36.6.

dl

—
Call C functions in shared objects
36.7.

termios

—
POSIX style tty control
36.8.

tty

—
Terminal control functions
36.9.

pty

—
Pseudo-terminal utilities
36.10.

fcntl

—
The

fcntl

and

ioctl

system
calls
36.11.

pipes

—
Interface to shell pipelines
36.12.

posixfile

—
File-like objects with locking support
36.13.

resource

—
Resource usage information
36.14.

nis

—
Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
36.15.

syslog

—
Unix syslog library routines
36.16.

commands

—
Utilities for running commands

37. Mac OS X specific services

37.1.

ic

—
Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config
37.2.

MacOS

—
Access to Mac OS interpreter features
37.3.

macostools

—
Convenience routines for file manipulation
37.4.

findertools

—
The finder‘s Apple Events interface
37.5.

EasyDialogs

—
Basic Macintosh dialogs
37.6.

FrameWork

—
Interactive application framework
37.7.

autoGIL

—
Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops
37.8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules
37.9.

ColorPicker

—
Color selection dialog

38. MacPython OSA Modules

38.1.

gensuitemodule

—
Generate OSA stub packages
38.2.

aetools

—
OSA client support
38.3.

aepack

—
Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers
38.4.

aetypes

—
AppleEvent objects
38.5.

MiniAEFrame

—
Open Scripting Architecture server support

39. SGI IRIX Specific Services

39.1.

al

—
Audio functions on the SGI
39.2.

AL

—
Constants used with the

al

module
39.3.

cd

—
CD-ROM access on SGI systems
39.4.

fl

—
FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
39.5.

FL

—
Constants used with the

fl

module
39.6.

flp

—
Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
39.7.

fm

— Font
Manager interface
39.8.

gl

— Graphics
Library interface
39.9.

DEVICE

—
Constants used with the

gl

module
39.10.

GL

—
Constants used with the

gl

module
39.11.

imgfile

—
Support for SGI imglib files
39.12.

jpeg

—
Read and write JPEG files

40. SunOS Specific Services

40.1.

sunaudiodev

—
Access to Sun audio hardware
40.2.

SUNAUDIODEV

—
Constants used with

sunaudiodev

41. Undocumented Modules

41.1. Miscellaneous
useful utilities
41.2. Platform
specific modules
41.3. Multimedia
41.4. Undocumented
Mac OS modules
41.5. Obsolete
41.6. SGI-specific
Extension modules

from: https://docs.python.org/2/library/