Linux下如何检测内存泄漏

Valgrind通常用来成分析程序性能及程序中的内存泄露错误

一 Valgrind工具集简绍
Valgrind包含下列工具：
1、memcheck：检查程序中的内存问题，如泄漏、越界、非法指针等。
2、callgrind：检测程序代码的运行时间和调用过程，以及分析程序性能。
3、cachegrind：分析CPU的cache命中率、丢失率，用于进行代码优化。
4、helgrind：用于检查多线程程序的竞态条件。
5、massif：堆栈分析器，指示程序中使用了多少堆内存等信息。
6、lackey：
7、nulgrind：
这几个工具的使用是通过命令：valgrand --tool=name 程序名来分别调用的，当不指定tool参数时默认是 --tool=memcheck
二 Valgrind工具详解
1.Memcheck
最常用的工具，用来检测程序中出现的内存问题，所有对内存的读写都会被检测到，一切对malloc、free、new、delete的调用都会被捕获。所以，它能检测以下问题：
1、对未初始化内存的使用；
2、读/写释放后的内存块；
3、读/写超出malloc分配的内存块；
4、读/写不适当的栈中内存块；
5、内存泄漏，指向一块内存的指针永远丢失；
6、不正确的malloc/free或new/delete匹配；
7、memcpy()相关函数中的dst和src指针重叠。
这些问题往往是C/C++程序员最头疼的问题，Memcheck能在这里帮上大忙。

例如：

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <string.h>

void test()
{
int *ptr = malloc(sizeof(int)*10);

ptr[10] = 7; // 内存越界

memcpy(ptr +1, ptr, 5); // 踩内存

free(ptr);
free(ptr);// 重复释放

int *p1;
*p1 = 1; // 非法指针
}

int main(void)
{
test();
return 0;
}

将程序编译生成可执行文件后执行：valgrind --leak-check=full ./程序名

输出结果如下：

==4832== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==4832== Copyright (C) 2002-2010, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==4832== Using Valgrind-3.6.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==4832== Command: ./tmp
==4832==
==4832== Invalid write of size 4      // 内存越界
==4832==    at 0x804843F: test (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==    by 0x804848D: main (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==  Address 0x41a6050 is 0 bytes after a block of size 40 alloc'd
==4832==    at 0x4026864: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:236)
==4832==    by 0x8048435: test (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==    by 0x804848D: main (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==
==4832== Source and destination overlap in memcpy(0x41a602c, 0x41a6028, 5) // 踩内存
==4832==    at 0x4027BD6: memcpy (mc_replace_strmem.c:635)
==4832==    by 0x8048461: test (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==    by 0x804848D: main (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==
==4832== Invalid free() / delete / delete[] // 重复释放
==4832==    at 0x4025BF0: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:366)
==4832==    by 0x8048477: test (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==    by 0x804848D: main (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==  Address 0x41a6028 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 40 free'd
==4832==    at 0x4025BF0: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:366)
==4832==    by 0x804846C: test (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==    by 0x804848D: main (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==
==4832== Use of uninitialised value of size 4 // 非法指针
==4832==    at 0x804847B: test (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==    by 0x804848D: main (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==
==4832==
==4832== Process terminating with default action of signal 11 (SIGSEGV) //由于非法指针赋值导致的程序崩溃
==4832==  Bad permissions for mapped region at address 0x419FFF4
==4832==    at 0x804847B: test (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==    by 0x804848D: main (in /home/yanghao/Desktop/testC/testmem/tmp)
==4832==
==4832== HEAP SUMMARY:
==4832==     in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==4832==   total heap usage: 1 allocs, 2 frees, 40 bytes allocated
==4832==
==4832== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==4832==
==4832== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==4832== Use --track-origins=yes to see where uninitialised values come from
==4832== ERROR SUMMARY: 4 errors from 4 contexts (suppressed: 11 from 6)
Segmentation fault

从valgrind的检测输出结果看，这几个错误都找了出来。