11g: Program with PL/SQL - 1Z0-144

Oracle Database 11g: Program with PL/SQL 1Z0-144

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Exam Topic

Oracle Database 11g: PL/SQL Fundamentals

Introduction to PL/SQL

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/plsql/index.htm Each block consists of three sub-parts: 1. declaration(optional); 2. Executable commands;3. Exception Handing(optional) Each block consists of three sub-parts: 1. declaration(optional) 2. Executable commands 3. Exception Handing(optional) Every PL/SQL statement ends wiDCL（Data Control Language，数据控制语言）：用于定义数据库用户的权限。 DCL包括： ALTER PASSWORD GRANT REVOKE CREATE SYNONYMth a semicolon (;). PL/SQL blocks can be nested within other PL/SQL blocks using BEGIN and END. PL/SQL Program Units, A PL/SQL unit is any one of the following: PL/SQL block Function Package Package body Procedure Trigger Type Type body ------------------------- 1). DML（Data Manipulation Language，数据操作语言）：用于检索或者修改数据。 DML包括：  SELECT：用于检索数据； INSERT：用于增加数据到数据库； UPDATE：用于从数据库中修改现存的数据  DELETE：用于从数据库中删除数据。 2). DDL（Data Definition Language，数据定义语言）： 用于定义数据的结构，比如 创建、修改或者删除数据库对象。 DDL包括：DDL语句可以用于创建用户和重建数据库对象。下面是DDL命令： CREATE TABLE：创建表 ALTER TABLE DROP TABLE：删除表 CREATE INDEX DROP INDEX 3). DCL（Data Control Language，数据控制语言）：用于定义数据库用户的权限。 DCL包括： ALTER PASSWORD  GRANT  REVOKE  CREATE SYNONYM

Explain the need for PL/SQL
Explain the benefits of PL/SQL
Identify the different types of PL/SQL blocks

Here is the basic structure of a PL/SQL block: declare   variable declarations begin   sql statements   declare     variable declarations   begin     sql statements   exception     exception handler   end;   further-sql-statements exception   exception handler end;

Output messages in PL/SQL

dbms_output.put_line('hello world!');

Declaring PL/SQL Variables

declare    myname varchar2(20);    msg varchar2(20):='hello, world!';

Recognize valid and invalid identifiers
List the uses of variables, declare and initialize variables, use bind variables

1. bind variable SQL> variable x number; SQL> exec :x:=104; PL/SQL 过程已成功完成。 SQL> select * from employees where employee_id=:x; EMPLOYEE_ID FIRST_NAME                               LAST_NAME                                    SALARY DEPARMENT_ID ----------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ------------         104                                          Ernst                                          6000       60

List and describe various data types using the %TYPE attribute

The %TYPE attribute lets you declare a constant, variable, field, or parameter to be of the same data type a previously declared variable, field, record, nested table, or database column. If the referenced item changes, your declaration is automatically updated. set serveroutput on; declare names varchar2(20):='John Smith'; lname names%type;   -- but it doesn't inherits data type and default value begin --lname:='nana'; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('lname: ' || lname); end; http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28370/type_attribute.htm

Writing Executable Statements

Executable and Nonexecutable Statements Every statement is either executable or nonexecutable. In general, if a statement specifies an action to be taken at runtime, it is executable. Otherwise, it is nonexecutable. The nonexecutable statements specify attributes, such as type and size; determine 4000 arrangement or order; define initial data values; specify editing instructions; define statement functions; classify program units; and define entry points. In general, nonexecutable statements are completed before execution of the first executable statement. http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/805-4939/z40007331fd1/index.html

Identify lexical units in a PL/SQL block

lexical units词汇单位

Use built-in SQL functions in PL/SQL and sequences in PL/SQL expressions

Built-in SQL function. http://psoug.org/reference/builtin_functions.html

Describe when implicit conversions take place and when explicit conversions have to be dealt with

implicit conversion隐式转换

Write nested blocks and qualify variables with labels

标签可以添加到语句块，以改进代码的可读性，以及限定嵌套语句块中存在相同名称的元素。语句块的名称必须在可执行代码第1行（或者BEGIN或者DECLARE）的前面;标签也可以出现在END 后面。目的为注释，也许会使用--，或者/*和*/。 set serveroutput on <<outer_block>> declare v_test number :=123; begin DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Outer_block, v_test:'|| v_test);   <<inner_block>>   declare   v_test number := 456;   begin   DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Inner_block,v_test:'|| v_test);   DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Inner_block,outer_block.v_test:'|| outer_block.v_test);   end inner_block; end outer_block; == output result == Outer_block, v_test:123 Inner_block,v_test:456 Inner_block,outer_block.v_test:123 http://blog.csdn.net/beixiaoyang/article/details/7959564

Write readable code with appropriate indentation
Interacting with the Oracle Database Server
Create PL/SQL executable blocks using DML and transaction control statements

transaction

Make use of the INTO clause to hold the values returned by a SQL statement

http://psoug.org/definition/INTO.htm  DECLARE  L_EMPNONUMBER;  L_ENAMEVARCHAR2(1000);  L_DEPTNONUMBER;  L_SALARYNUMBER;   BEGIN  SELECTEMPNO, ENAME, DEPTNO, SALARY INTO L_EMPNO, L_ENAME, L_DEPTNO, L_SALARY FROMEMPLOYEES  WHEREEMPNO=100;  END;

Writing Control Structures

http://docs.oracle.com/cd/A87860_01/doc/appdev.817/a77069/03_struc.htm  1.conditional control  2.Iterativecontrol  3.Sequencecontrol

Identify the uses and types of control structures (IF, CASE statements and expressions)
Construct and identify loop statements
Apply guidelines when using conditional control structures
Working with Composite Data Types

http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-11/109272.htm Oracle PL/SQL复合数据类型 http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E18283_01/timesten.112/e13076/dtypesfunc.htm#CIHEGAHD

Create user-defined PL/SQL records
Create a record with the %ROWTYPE attribute

Create an INDEX BY table and INDEX BY table of records
Describe the differences among records, tables, and tables of records
Using Explicit Cursors

使用显式游标

Distinguish between usage of implicit and explicit cursors, use SQL cursor attributes
Declare and control explicit cursors, use simple loops and cursor FOR loops to fetch data
Declare and use cursors with parameters
Lock rows with the FOR UPDATE clause and reference the current row with the WHERE CURRENT OF clause
Handling Exceptions
Define PL/SQL exceptions
Recognize unhandled exceptions
Handle different types of exceptions (pre-defined exceptions, non-predefined exceptions and user-defined exceptions)
Propagate exceptions in nested blocks and call applications
Creating Stored Procedures and Functions
Differentiate between anonymous blocks and subprograms
Create a simple procedure and invoke it from an anonymous block
Create a simple function
Create a simple function that accepts a parameter
Differentiate between procedures and functions
Oracle Database 11g: Develop PL/SQL Program Units

Creating Procedures
Differentiate between anonymous blocks and subprograms, use a modularized and layered subprogram design, and identify the benefits of subprograms
Create a simple procedure and invoke it from an anonymous block
Work with procedures
Handle exceptions in procedures, remove a procedure, and display a procedure's information
Creating Functions
Differentiate between a procedure and a function
Describe the uses of functions
Work with functions (create, invoke and remove functions)
Creating Packages
Identify the benefits and the components of packages
Work with packages (create package specification and body, invoke package subprograms, remove a package and display package information)
Working with Packages
Overload package subprograms, use forward declarations
Create an initialization block in a package body
Manage persistent package data states for the life of a session and use PL/SQL tables and records in packages
Using Oracle-Supplied Packages in Application Development
Describe how the DBMS_OUTPUT package works
Use UTL_FILE to direct output to operating system files
Describe the main features of UTL_MAIL
Using Dynamic SQL
Describe the execution flow of SQL statements
Use Native Dynamic SQL (NDS)
Use the DBMS_SQL package
Design Considerations for PL/SQL Code
Create standard constants and exceptions
Write and call local subprograms
Control the run-time privileges of a subprogram
Perform autonomous transactions
Use NOCOPY hint, PARALLEL ENABLE hint and DETERMINISTIC clause
Use bulk binding and the RETURNING clause with DML
Creating Triggers
Describe different types of triggers and their uses
Create database triggers
Manage triggers
Creating Compound, DDL, and Event Database Triggers
Create triggers on DDL statements
Create triggers on system events
Using the PL/SQL Compiler
Describe the new PL/SQL compiler and features
Use the new PL/SQL compiler initialization parameters
Use the new PL/SQL compile time warnings
Managing PL/SQL Code
Describe and use conditional compilation
Hide PL/SQL source code using dynamic obfuscation and the Wrap utility
Managing Dependencies
Track and manage procedural dependencies