Spring IoC — 基于XML的配置

原文:Spring IoC — 基于XML的配置1、属性注入

注意点：
1）如果类中显示定义了一个带参的构造函数，则一定还要显示提供一个无参构造函数，否则使用属性注入时将抛出异常。
2）JavaBean关于属性命名的特殊规范。Spring只会检查Bean中是否有对应的Setter方法，至于Bean中是否有对应的属性变量则不做要求。如maxSpeed对应setMaxSpeed()，brand对应setBrand()。
所以<property>元素的属性变量名应满足：xxx的属性对应setXxx(）方法。变量的前两个字母要么全部大写，要么全部小写。

Car类：

package com.ioc.ch4_3_1;
/**
* Created by gao on 16-3-25.
*/
public class Car {
private int maxSpeed;
public String brand;
private double price;
public Car() {
}
public Car(int maxSpeed, String brand, double price) {
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
this.brand = brand;
this.price = price;
}
public void setMaxSpeed(int maxSpeed) {
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}
public void setBrand(String brand) {
this.brand = brand;
}
public void setPrice(double price) {
this.price = price;
}
public int getMaxSpeed() {
return maxSpeed;
}
public String getBrand() {
return brand;
}
public double getPrice() {
return price;
}
public String toString() {
return "brand:" + brand + "/maxSpeed:" + maxSpeed + "/price:" + price;
}
}

beans.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd"> <bean id="car" class="com.ioc.ch4_3_1.Car">
<property name="maxSpeed"><value>300</value></property>
<property name="brand"><value>奥迪</value></property>
<property name="price"><value>150000.00</value></property>
</bean>
</beans>

测试类：

package com.ioc.ch4_3_1;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
/**
* Created by gao on 16-3-25.
*/
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("classpath:com\\ioc\\ch4_3_1\\beans.xml");
Car car = (Car) ctx.getBean("car");
System.out.println(car.toString());
}
}

输出结果：
brand:奥迪/maxSpeed:300/price:150000.0

2、构造函数注入
注意点：循环依赖问题。Spring容器能顺利实例化以构造函数注入方式配置的Bean有一个前提是：Bean构造函数入参引用的对象必须已经准备就绪。如果两个Bean都采用构造函数注入，而且都通过构造函数入参引用对方，则会发生循环依赖问题。这时可以将构造函数注入方式调整为属性注入方式。
Car类：

package com.ioc.ch4_3_2;
/**
* Created by gao on 16-3-25.
*/
public class Car {
private int maxSpeed;
public String brand;
private double price;
private String corp;
public Car() {
}
public Car(String brand, double price) {
this.brand = brand;
this.price = price;
}
public Car(int maxSpeed, String brand, double price) {
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
this.brand = brand;
this.price = price;
}
public Car(String brand, String corp, int maxSpeed) {
this.brand = brand;
this.corp = corp;
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}
public void setMaxSpeed(int maxSpeed) {
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}
public void setBrand(String brand) {
this.brand = brand;
}
public void setPrice(double price) {
this.price = price;
}
public String getCorp() {
return corp;
}
public void setCorp(String corp) {
this.corp = corp;
}
public int getMaxSpeed() {
return maxSpeed;
}
public String getBrand() {
return brand;
}
public double getPrice() {
return price;
}
public String toString() {
return "brand:" + brand + "\tmaxSpeed:" + maxSpeed + "\tprice:" + price + "\tcorp:" + corp;
}
}

Boss类：

package com.ioc.ch4_3_2;
public class Boss {
private String name;
private Car car;
private Office office;
public Boss(String name, Car car, Office office) {
this.name = name;
this.car = car;
this.office = office;
}
public Boss(String name, Car car) {
this.name = name;
this.car = car;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Car getCar() {
return car;
}
public void setCar(Car car) {
this.car = car;
}
public String toString(){
return "name:"+name+"\tcar:"+car.getBrand()+"\toffice:"+office;
}
}

Office类：

package com.ioc.ch4_3_2;
public class Office {

}

beans.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd"> <!--构造函数注入：type -->
<bean id="car1" class="com.ioc.ch4_3_2.Car">
<constructor-arg type="java.lang.String">
<value>car1_甲壳虫</value>
</constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg type="double">
<value>300000.0</value>
</constructor-arg>
</bean>
<!--构造函数注入：index-->
<bean id="car2" class="com.ioc.ch4_3_2.Car">
<constructor-arg index="0" value="300"/>
<constructor-arg index="1" value="car2_宝马"/>
<constructor-arg index="2" value="200000.0"/>
</bean>
<!--构造函数注入：type&index -->
<bean id="car3" class="com.ioc.ch4_3_2.Car">
<constructor-arg index="0" type="java.lang.String">
<value>car3_红旗CA72</value>
</constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg index="1" type="java.lang.String">
<value>中国一汽</value>
</constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg index="2" type="int">
<value>200</value>
</constructor-arg>
</bean>
<!--构造函数注入：自动识别入参类型 -->
<bean id="boss1" class="com.ioc.ch4_3_2.Boss">
<constructor-arg>
<value>John</value>
</constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg>
<ref bean="car1" />
</constructor-arg>
<constructor-arg>
<ref bean="office" />
</constructor-arg>
</bean>
<bean id="car" class="com.ioc.ch4_3_2.Car"/>
<bean id="office" class="com.ioc.ch4_3_2.Office" />
</beans>

测试类：

package com.ioc.ch4_3_2;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
/**
* Created by gao on 16-3-25.
*/
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("classpath:com\\ioc\\ch4_3_2\\beans.xml");
Car car1 = (Car) ctx.getBean("car1");
System.out.println(car1.toString());
System.out.println("--------------------------------");
Car car2 = (Car) ctx.getBean("car2");
System.out.println(car2.toString());
System.out.println("--------------------------------");
Car car3 = (Car) ctx.getBean("car3");
System.out.println(car3.toString());
System.out.println("--------------------------------");
Boss boss1 = (Boss) ctx.getBean("boss1");
System.out.println(boss1.toString());
}
}

输出结果：

brand:car1_甲壳虫 maxSpeed:0 price:300000.0 corp:null
--------------------------------
brand:car2_宝马 maxSpeed:300 price:200000.0 corp:null
--------------------------------
brand:car3_红旗CA72 maxSpeed:200 price:0.0 corp:中国一汽
--------------------------------
name:John car:car1_甲壳虫 office:com.ioc.ch4_3_2.Office@9eed10a

3、工厂方法注入
有非静态工厂方法和静态工厂方法两种方式
Car类：

package com.ioc.ch4_3_3;
/**
* Created by gao on 16-3-25.
*/
public class Car {
private int maxSpeed;
public String brand;
private double price;
public Car() {
}
public Car(int maxSpeed, String brand, double price) {
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
this.brand = brand;
this.price = price;
}
public void setMaxSpeed(int maxSpeed) {
this.maxSpeed = maxSpeed;
}
public void setBrand(String brand) {
this.brand = brand;
}
public void setPrice(double price) {
this.price = price;
}
public int getMaxSpeed() {
return maxSpeed;
}
public String getBrand() {
return brand;
}
public double getPrice() {
return price;
}
public String toString() {
return "brand:" + brand + "\tmaxSpeed:" + maxSpeed + "\tprice:" + price;
}
}

CarFactory类：

package com.ioc.ch4_3_3;
public class CarFactory {
//创建Car的工厂方法
public Car createHongQiCar(){
Car car = new Car();
car.setBrand("car5_奔驰");
return car;
}
//工厂类方法是静态的
public static Car createCar(){
Car car = new Car();
return car;
}
}

beans.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd"> <bean id="carFactory" class="com.ioc.ch4_3_3.CarFactory"/>
<bean id="car5" factory-bean="carFactory" factory-method="createHongQiCar"/>
<bean id="car6" class="com.ioc.ch4_3_3.CarFactory" factory-method="createCar"/>
</beans>

测试类：

package com.ioc.ch4_3_3;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
/**
* Created by gao on 16-3-25.
*/
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("classpath:com\\ioc\\ch4_3_3\\beans.xml");
Car car5 = (Car) ctx.getBean("car5");
System.out.println(car5.toString());
System.out.println("-----------------------");
Car car6 = (Car) ctx.getBean("car6");
System.out.println(car6.toString());
}
}

输出结果：

brand:car5_奔驰 maxSpeed:0 price:0.0
-----------------------
brand:null maxSpeed:0 price:0.0

注入方法的考量：
1）支持使用构造函数注入的理由：
· 构造函数可以保证一些重要的属性在Bean实例化时就设置好，避免了因为一些重要属性没有提供，导致一个无用Bean实例的情况；
· 不需要为每个属性提供Setter方法，减少了类的方法个数；
· 可以更好地封装类变量，不需要为每个属性指定setter方法，避免外部错误的调用。
2）更多的开发者更倾向于使用属性注入方式，反对构造函数注入的理由：
· 如果一个类的属性众多，构造函数的签名将变成一个庞然大物，可读性很差；
· 灵活性不强，在有些属性是可选的情况下，如果通过构造函数注入，也需要为可选的参数提供一个null值；
· 如果有多个构造函数，需要考虑配置文件和具体构造函数匹配歧义的问题，配置上相对复杂；
· 构造函数不利于类的继承和扩展，因为子类需要引用到父类复杂的构造函数；
· 构造函数注入有时会造成循环依赖的问题。
3）对于一个全新的应用来说，不推荐使用工厂方法的注入方式。