Tutorial – Creating outline effect around objects

原文链接：http://www.michalorzelek.com/blog/tutorial-creating-outline-effect-around-objects/

Outline effect as post process – tutorial

Introduction

In this tutorial I will present a way of creating outline effect for meshes inside UE4. There are two popular methods of creating outline/stroke effect around objects in the game:

Render mesh twice. Draw first mesh with a standard material and then draw second mesh with slightly higher scale and emissive material.
Add outline to objects in post-process using edge detection

I’ll focus on the second method, as it requires very little effort to integrate it into existing projects. This tutorial assumes, you are familiar with basics of Unreal Engine 4 and it’s systems (material editor in particular). If you wish to fully understand
how to implement edge detection algorithm as UE4 material, some basic image processing knowledge will be useful.

Basic steps

In order to implement outline effect as post process you need to follow these steps:

Create a post process material that will add stroke effect for objects that have Custom Depth rendering enabled.
Add your post process material into blendables list in your scenes’ post process volume.
For each skeletal mesh or static mesh that you wish to be highlighted, enable parameter „Render Custom Depth”.

I’ll explain each of those points later on. If you are here just for the material, you can grab it in download section
at bottom of the page.

Custom depth map

One of UE4’s cool features is ability to render individual meshes into separate depth texture and use it in materials. A depth texture keeps information about distance between each individual pixel in world space and a camera. A typical depth map will look
like the image below.



SceneDepth

Our custom depth map looks similar, expect there are visible only objects that have „Render Custom Depth” option selected in their properties.



CustomDepth

This makes it super convenient to implement effects such us Outline, in screen space.

Creating a material

This is the hardest part. In our material we will implement sobel operator and convolve it with the custom depth map. In other words we will apply edge detection filter on our custom depth map to find out where we should draw stroke.

We will start with implementing our convolution algorithm. It’s rather sophisticated math behind this, but everything really boils down to following these steps:

for each pixel P
for each pixel PN adjacent to P
Multiply PN’s value with weight found in kernel’s cell relative to pixel’s origin
add result to output value
return output value



sobelEffect

Sampling our depth map is simple: Drop Scene Texture node and connect it to the Emissive output. In node’s properties set Texture ID to CustomDepth



SamplingDepthMap

Now, we need to sample adjacent pixels. We can use the UV parameter of Scene Texture node for this. Problem is, UV parameters work in texture space, which means they take values from Top-Left corner(0,0) to Bottom-Right corner(1,1) of the texture. To do this
we need to take inverse of our texture width and height, multiply by our offset and add it to UV coordinates of current pixel.

In material editor it will look like this:



OffsetCalculation

Next, we need to duplicate those expressions for remaining seven adjacent pixels. The final setup for calculating pixel offsets:



MF_SampleSceneTextureNeighbourUVs

We have a set of UVs for all adjacent pixels, so we can now sample actual values from the CustomDepthMap. I’ve created a simple material function for this. It accepts UV coordinates as input and returns value of the sampled pixel.



MF_ExtractDepth

If we use this function to sample adjacent values, we will have all the data to do the actual edge detection. Let’s create another material function that will perform the convolution:



MF_ConvolveTexture

On the left side there are two sets of input parameters. First 9 input vectors are the values of pixels that we will be working on. The other three, provide values of our kernel. It’s really just a 3×3 matrix, but since there is no matrix type in UE4 material
editor, I divided mine into three Vector3 parameters. Up to this point, we have all pieces of algorithm. All we have to do is put everything together inside the final material.



PP_Outliner

The sobel operator actually involves two convolution operations: vertical and horizontal. As you can probably notice, the only difference between those two is the input kernel.

Now we need to combine our two values:



In material editor we can just create vector from calculated values and return it’s length. The output will be black image with white outline around meshes that have custom depth rendering enabled. The last thing to do is blending our outline into final image.
In this case I used „IF” expression to get solid stroke around objects, but it should be fairly easy to adjust the effect for your needs.

REMEMBER: Make sure that your material needs to be in Postprocess Domain, and not in Surface. You can change that in your material’s properties.

Scene setup

Our awesome material is finished, and now we need to plug it into our scene’s post process to see actual results. In your level select Post Process Volume and search for „Blendables”. Add new item to blendables list and pick your material from the list. If
you don’t have any post process volumes in your leve, you should create one. Also double check that your volume has „Unbound” property set to true. Otherwise you will see the outline around objects only when you are inside that volume.



You can test results by dropping any mesh into scene and checking it’s „Render custom depth” property.

Blueprint example

In our sample project, static meshes get highlighted, when player aims at them. I’ve used FPS template for starter. In MyCharacter blueprint I’ve added a new function called Trace. It is called by timer every 0.1 seconds. It checks if player
is looking at a static mesh. If yes then it sets RenderCustomDepth to true. When player stops aiming at that mesh, the RenderCustomDepth variable is set to false. You can check it out in action by downloading sample project provided below.

Conclusion

In this tutorial I’ve presented a fairly simple and easy to integrate method of rendering outline around objects. In fact this material is capable of doing much more than this particular effect. By convolving image with different kernels, we can achieve a variety
of effects like blur, emboss or sharpen(seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(image_processing) for
more information).