Prometheus监控 - Alertmanager报警模块
2016-03-07 12:49
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Overview
Alertmanager与Prometheus是相互分离的两个部分。Prometheus服务器根据报警规则将警报发送给Alertmanager,然后Alertmanager将silencing、inhibition、aggregation等消息通过电子邮件、PaperDuty和HipChat发送通知。设置警报和通知的主要步骤:
安装配置Alertmanager
配置Prometheus通过
-alertmanager.url标志与Alertmanager通信
在Prometheus中创建告警规则
Alertmanager简介及机制
Alertmanager处理由类似Prometheus服务器等客户端发来的警报,之后需要删除重复、分组,并将它们通过路由发送到正确的接收器,比如电子邮件、Slack等。Alertmanager还支持沉默和警报抑制的机制。分组
分组是指当出现问题时,Alertmanager会收到一个单一的通知,而当系统宕机时,很有可能成百上千的警报会同时生成,这种机制在较大的中断中特别有用。例如,当数十或数百个服务的实例在运行,网络发生故障时,有可能服务实例的一半不可达数据库。在告警规则中配置为每一个服务实例都发送警报的话,那么结果是数百警报被发送至Alertmanager。
但是作为用户只想看到单一的报警页面,同时仍然能够清楚的看到哪些实例受到影响,因此,人们通过配置Alertmanager将警报分组打包,并发送一个相对看起来紧凑的通知。
分组警报、警报时间,以及接收警报的receiver是在配置文件中通过路由树配置的。
抑制
抑制是指当警报发出后,停止重复发送由此警报引发其他错误的警报的机制。例如,当警报被触发,通知整个集群不可达,可以配置Alertmanager忽略由该警报触发而产生的所有其他警报,这可以防止通知数百或数千与此问题不相关的其他警报。
抑制机制可以通过Alertmanager的配置文件来配置。
沉默
沉默是一种简单的特定时间静音提醒的机制。一种沉默是通过匹配器来配置,就像路由树一样。传入的警报会匹配RE,如果匹配,将不会为此警报发送通知。沉默机制可以通过Alertmanager的Web页面进行配置。
Alertmanager的配置
Alertmanager通过命令行flag和一个配置文件进行配置。命令行flag配置不变的系统参数、配置文件定义的禁止规则、通知路由和通知接收器。要查看所有可用的命令行flag,运行
alertmanager -h。
Alertmanager在运行时加载配置,如果不能很好的形成新的配置,更改将不会被应用,并记录错误。
配置文件
要指定加载的配置文件,需要使用-config.file标志。该文件使用YAML来完成,通过下面的描述来定义。括号内的参数是可选的,对于非列表的参数的值设置为指定的缺省值。
global: # ResolveTimeout is the time after which an alert is declared resolved # if it has not been updated. [ resolve_timeout: <duration> | default = 5m ] # The default SMTP From header field. [ smtp_from: <tmpl_string> ] # The default SMTP smarthost used for sending emails. [ smtp_smarthost: <string> ] # The API URL to use for Slack notifications. [ slack_api_url: <string> ] [ pagerduty_url: <string> | default = "https://events.pagerduty.com/generic/2010-04-15/create_event.json" ] [ opsgenie_api_host: <string> | default = "https://api.opsgenie.com/" ] # Files from which custom notification template definitions are read. # The last component may use a wildcard matcher, e.g. 'templates/*.tmpl'. templates: [ - <filepath> ... ] # The root node of the routing tree. route: <route> # A list of notification receivers. receivers: - <receiver> ... # A list of inhibition rules. inhibit_rules: [ - <inhibit_rule> ... ]
路由 route
路由块定义了路由树及其子节点。如果没有设置的话,子节点的可选配置参数从其父节点继承。每个警报进入配置的路由树的顶级路径,顶级路径必须匹配所有警报(即没有任何形式的匹配)。然后匹配子节点。如果continue的值设置为false,它在匹配第一个孩子后就停止;如果在子节点匹配,continue的值为true,警报将继续进行后续兄弟姐妹的匹配。如果警报不匹配任何节点的任何子节点(没有匹配的子节点,或不存在),该警报基于当前节点的配置处理。
路由配置格式
[ receiver: <string> ] [ group_by: '[' <labelname>, ... ']' ] # Whether an alert should continue matching subsequent sibling nodes. [ continue: <boolean> | default = false ] # A set of equality matchers an alert has to fulfill to match the node. match: [ <labelname>: <labelvalue>, ... ] # A set of regex-matchers an alert has to fulfill to match the node. match_re: [ <labelname>: <regex>, ... ] # How long to initially wait to send a notification for a group # of alerts. Allows to wait for an inhibiting alert to arrive or collect # more initial alerts for the same group. (Usually ~0s to few minutes.) [ group_wait: <duration> ] # How long to wait before sending notification about new alerts that are # in are added to a group of alerts for which an initial notification # has already been sent. (Usually ~5min or more.) [ group_interval: <duration> ] # How long to wait before sending a notification again if it has already # been sent successfully for an alert. (Usually ~3h or more). [ repeat_interval: <duration> ] # Zero or more child routes. routes: [ - <route> ... ]
示例:
# The root route with all parameters, which are inherited by the child # routes if they are not overwritten. route: receiver: 'default-receiver' group_wait: 30s group_interval: 5m repeat_interval: 4h group_by: [cluster, alertname] # All alerts that do not match the following child routes # will remain at the root node and be dispatched to 'default-receiver'. routes: # All alerts with service=mysql or service=cassandra # are dispatched to the database pager. - receiver: 'database-pager' group_wait: 10s match_re: service: mysql|cassandra # All alerts with the team=frontend label match this sub-route. # They are grouped by product and environment rather than cluster # and alertname. - receiver: 'frontend-pager' group_by: [product, environment] match: team: frontend
抑制规则 inhibit_rule
抑制规则,是存在另一组匹配器匹配的情况下,静音其他被引发警报的规则。这两个警报,必须有一组相同的标签。抑制配置格式
# Matchers that have to be fulfilled in the alerts to be muted. target_match: [ <labelname>: <labelvalue>, ... ] target_match_re: [ <labelname>: <regex>, ... ] # Matchers for which one or more alerts have to exist for the # inhibition to take effect. source_match: [ <labelname>: <labelvalue>, ... ] source_match_re: [ <labelname>: <regex>, ... ] # Labels that must have an equal value in the source and target # alert for the inhibition to take effect. [ equal: '[' <labelname>, ... ']' ]
接收器 receiver
顾名思义,警报接收的配置。通用配置格式
# The unique name of the receiver. name: <string> # Configurations for several notification integrations. email_configs: [ - <email_config>, ... ] pagerduty_configs: [ - <pagerduty_config>, ... ] slack_config: [ - <slack_config>, ... ] opsgenie_configs: [ - <opsgenie_config>, ... ] webhook_configs: [ - <webhook_config>, ... ]
邮件接收器 email_config
# Whether or not to notify about resolved alerts. [ send_resolved: <boolean> | default = false ] # The email address to send notifications to. to: <tmpl_string> # The sender address. [ from: <tmpl_string> | default = global.smtp_from ] # The SMTP host through which emails are sent. [ smarthost: <string> | default = global.smtp_smarthost ] # The HTML body of the email notification. [ html: <tmpl_string> | default = '{{ template "email.default.html" . }}' ] # Further headers email header key/value pairs. Overrides any headers # previously set by the notification implementation. [ headers: { <string>: <tmpl_string>, ... } ]
Slack接收器 slack_config
# Whether or not to notify about resolved alerts. [ send_resolved: <boolean> | default = true ] # The Slack webhook URL. [ api_url: <string> | default = global.slack_api_url ] # The channel or user to send notifications to. channel: <tmpl_string> # API request data as defined by the Slack webhook API. [ color: <tmpl_string> | default = '{{ if eq .Status "firing" }}danger{{ else }}good{{ end }}' ] [ username: <tmpl_string> | default = '{{ template "slack.default.username" . }}' [ title: <tmpl_string> | default = '{{ template "slack.default.title" . }}' ] [ title_link: <tmpl_string> | default = '{{ template "slack.default.titlelink" . }}' ] [ pretext: <tmpl_string> | default = '{{ template "slack.default.pretext" . }}' ] [ text: <tmpl_string> | default = '{{ template "slack.default.text" . }}' ] [ fallback: <tmpl_string> | default = '{{ template "slack.default.fallback" . }}' ]
Webhook接收器 webhook_config
# Whether or not to notify about resolved alerts. [ send_resolved: <boolean> | default = true ] # The endpoint to send HTTP POST requests to. url: <string>
Alertmanager会使用以下的格式向配置端点发送HTTP POST请求:
{ "version": "2", "status": "<resolved|firing>", "alerts": [ { "labels": <object>, "annotations": <object>, "startsAt": "<rfc3339>", "endsAt": "<rfc3339>" }, ... ] }
报警规则
报警规则允许你定义基于Prometheus语言表达的报警条件,并发送报警通知到外部服务。定义报警规则
报警规则通过以下格式定义:ALERT <alert name> IF <expression> [ FOR <duration> ] [ LABELS <label set> ] [ ANNOTATIONS <label set> ]
FOR子句使得Prometheus等待第一个传进来的向量元素(例如高HTTP错误的实例),并计数一个警报。如果元素是active,但是没有firing的,就处于pending状态。
LABELS(标签)子句允许指定一组附加的标签附到警报上。现有的任何标签都会被覆盖,标签值可以被模板化。
ANNOTATIONS(注释)子句指定另一组未查明警报实例的标签,它们被用于存储更长的其他信息,例如警报描述或者链接,注释值可以被模板化。
报警规则示例
# Alert for any instance that is unreachable for >5 minutes. ALERT InstanceDown IF up == 0 FOR 5m LABELS { severity = "page" } ANNOTATIONS { summary = "Instance {{ $labels.instance }} down", description = "{{ $labels.instance }} of job {{ $labels.job }} has been down for more than 5 minutes.", } # Alert for any instance that have a median request latency >1s. ALERT APIHighRequestLatency IF api_http_request_latencies_second{quantile="0.5"} > 1 FOR 1m ANNOTATIONS { summary = "High request latency on {{ $labels.instance }}", description = "{{ $labels.instance }} has a median request latency above 1s (current value: {{ $value }}s)", }
发送警报通知
Prometheus可以周期性的发送关于警报状态的信息到Alertmanager实例,然后Alertmanager调度来发送正确的通知。该Alertmanager可以通过-alertmanager.url命令行flag来配置。
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