如何写英文科技论文 papers

来自知乎：https://www.zhihu.com/question/23684933

在我第一次写英文论文的时候，我的歪果仁老湿给予了莫大的帮助。他以一篇论文的形式呈现了怎样写论文。直到现在，翻出来看看还是有收获良多。这里面不仅给出了一篇正式论文的基本框架（你可以直接套进去），还包括了写论文的顺序，教你如何打草稿，如何写开头结尾，甚至reference的格式也给你讲的清清楚楚。

那么先发放福利word文档，百度云大家随意提取。在这里我也把主体部分给大家看一下。提取收藏的点个赞呗~~链接: 百度云
请输入提取密码 密码:
n3tb

以下论文（知乎格式没办法，见谅）：

1. Executive Summary

The executive summary provides a synopsis of the report. It should include:

· A statement on the purpose of the report – what it sets out to achieve

· A brief outline of the scope of the report and/or research methodology

· An outline of the major issues or findings covered in the report

· An outline of the major conclusions and recommendations of the report.

The executive summary should not include new information nor should it be used as an introduction to the report.

As the executive summary is a summary of the report, it should ALWAYS be the LAST section of the report written

2. Introduction or Background

It may include an outline of the terms of reference or the reasons for the decision to write the report (see below).

Explain the background to the issue/problem/topic (this could be the history, etc. that helps us understand the issue/problem/topic.

What are the different points of view/opinions about the issue/problem/topic?

What is likely to happen in the future?

This report was requested by a number of students having difficulty understanding how to write a report.

This report aims to give students a plan to follow when preparing their material and an example of the layout of a report.

The material for this report was gathered from various books and web sites which will be referred to later. This format is not the only way to write a report.

It is written especially for students undertaking Academic English. However it can be a useful guide to any student in any subject.

3. Scope of Report or Research Objectives

Outline the purpose of your report.

The scope of the report should define major issues or research objectives to be addressed by the report.

If in doubt, ask you teacher. They may be able to help you find the right place to look for information.

4. Research Methodology

Most reports will include:

· 4.1 primary sources of information – surveys, questionnaires

· 4.2 secondary sources of information – books, internet

This section needs to detail how the information for the report was obtained and any limitations. The place to start is in your own head. How much do you already know about the topic? Write everything down.

Use the library. Not just the internet. There are books, magazines, newspapers, and staff to help you. Take notes and organise the information in a folder.

Remember to write down all the information about any book or web site, etc. for the bibliography:author, title, date published, publisher and place published (see Appendix B of this report).

Note taking skills are necessary when reading information and you must summarise much of that information.

5. Detailed Findings

The largest section of the report – it will contain all the information and analysis, including tables, charts and diagrams.

The body must be divided into logical sections and subsections with headings identical to those in the Table of Contents.

It will include headings and sub-headings which reflect the contents of each section.

Although a report starts with a synopsis do not start writing it until AFTER you finish the introduction, body and conclusion in that order.

5.1 FIRST DRAFT

Divide the body of the report into headings and subheadings, so each section can be written on its own. This makes the task seem easier.

Use the passive voice (revise this section of English on Cue, Module 5). Use short sentences and simple, formal language. Include pictures if you want to make it more interesting e.g. ”Diagram 2 shows that……”

Use your computer’s spell check and print preview where possible. Plan the pages carefully. Careless layout will lose marks. Check grammar and punctuation.

When referencing a book, etc. in your writing remember quoting directly must use quotation marks e.g. “There are many reasons why people visit Australia…..” (Smith 2012).

Indirect quotes (paraphrasing): Smith (2012) says there are many different reasons people want to visit Australia.

Save two copies: one on your computer and one on a USB. Lost work means starting again.

5.2 SECOND DRAFT

Producing the second draft is not hard once your first draft of the report is edited, typed and saved.

6. Conclusion and Recommendations

This is a summary of the main findings of the report, especially those that are for the reader/client.

Conclusion should tell what the detailed findings mean for the reader/client in relation to the scope of the report or research objectives.

The recommendations should list the action that you recommend should be taken based on these conclusions.

6.1 CONCLUSION

It is hoped this guide will benefit students in at least two ways. Firstly, to give a step by step method to report writing. Secondly, it is to be used as an example of report writing.

The process of report writing is obviously a long and complex one. Each step should be completed before moving on to the next one. Do NOT put off starting to research and write just because it is difficult.

Make sure the information in the report is relevant to the topic and discusses the issues mentioned in the introduction.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

+ Take one step at a time

+ Do not waste time

+ Use all the resources available

+ Talk to your teacher if in doubt

+ Start now
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

The bibliography is an alphabetical list of references used in preparation of the report

Students should refer to their textbook for guidelines on how to correctly reference information sources.

Jordan, R.R (1990) Academic Writing Course, Collins ELT, London.

Mangubhai, Francis and Pritchard, R (1996) English on Cue, USQ, Toowoomba.
http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/ecologicalfootprint/globalfootprint/index.asp

APPENDIX

The appendices section is for material that is relevant and is referred to in the report, but is too long or is not necessary to be included in the body of the report.

Examples: Questionnaire

Appendices to be labelled: Appendix A, Appendix B etc.

WRITING A BIBLIOGRAPHY

Take careful note of the order in which the information appears below – alphabetically! The format is different for books, magazines and internet. Most entries begin with an author but if not then the title, etc. is shown.

1.0 BOOKS

Author’s family name, initial or first name, (date of publication), title in italics, name of publisher, place where published.

Barron, M L (2010) Business Finance, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.

Kitchen, P D (Ed.) (1997) Business Law: Fundamentals, Thompson, London.

Brown, M and White, P (2000) Writing Assignments, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne.

2.0 JOURNALS/MAGAZINES/NEWSPAPERS

Author’s family name, initial or first name, (date of publication),“title of article”, name of journal in italics, volume number, (issue number), pp. numbers.

Smith, B (2002) “Can you write an essay?” ,Education Times, 64, (10), pp. 24-28.

Mitchell, Ben (2000) “Students fail English test”, Xin Hua, 13 September, p. 5.

3.0 Web Sites

Author’s family name, first name/initial, (date of publication), title of page in italics, URL, date accessed. Or

Title of page, URL, date accessed.

Quinion, M, (1996) Citing online sources.Advice on online citations formatsWorld
Wide Words: Citing Online Sources (Accessed 7.9.2013)

Information resource, www.immi.gov.au/visas (Accessed
20/10/2012)

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The paper that you are requested to write should be a research paper, meaning that its goal is to present
the reader with a somewhat new, original way of looking at a concept or idea. In addition to analyzing primary sources – the novel(s), play(s), poem(s), or essay(s) that you chose as your focus – a research paper provides a context for its argument by summarizing
and commenting on secondary sources, which are other people’s analyses of primary sources. Hence a research paper is not just a summary of other people’s ideas. Instead, a research paper should evaluate those ideas and either propose a new argument or develop
an existing one. The following steps should help you plan and then write your paper. 

1. STRUCTURING YOUR ARGUMENT 

a) Revisit your paper proposal and think about the questions and the argument that comprise your thesis
(you might need to refine, reformulate or expand them slightly at this stage).

b) Revisit your primary sources. Look for patterns in your observations about a text or event and take notes. As you read through your list of evidence, look for ideas that contradict each other, change, or are not fully explained.
When writing about literature, a symbol’s meaning might change or contradict itself in a poem, or a character might change his or her attitude toward an idea.

c) Skim through the text(s) again to find specific quotations and any other examples you may have missed. Consult the secondary sources that you have gathered. Focus on evidencethat relates
to your topic and strikes you as particularly interesting, confusing, or astute. Think about how each piece of evidence supports or contradicts your topic.

d) Take notes. It is a good idea to note each piece of evidence that may be relevant to your essay. List the source and page number, and make sure it is clear whether each piece of evidence is adirect citation),
a close paraphrase, or your own analysis or interpretation.

e) Define a Motive or Purpose for Writing. A good paper should be interesting to a broader audience. When you express your motive, you indicate why you are writing your paper. The motive is not the
argument itself but rather the reason that your argument should be interesting to your reader. Motives may take into account what other critics have written, common perceptions of an event, or historical context.

Some examples of motives:

--“Many critics see the relationship between Huck and Jim as fair and harmonious, but closer examination of the novel reveals that this is not the case.”

--“It has been often argued that Hamlet is a character who constantly delays action, especially any action leading to the revenge of his father. However, when one compares his behaviour with Laertes’s, one arrives at a different conclusion. Hamlet has no choice
but to delay.”

2. OUTLINING YOUR ARGUMENT 

If you plan the steps of your argument beforeyou write your essay, you are less likely to get stuck or not know where to go next. An outline is like a map of your argument; it should show the sequence of your ideas and argument.
The first part of your outline should include your motive and your thesis statement. You also should write down the subcategories of your argument and note the evidence that you plan to use.

3. WRITING YOUR PAPER 

a) THE FIRST PARAGRAPH: YOUR THESIS STATEMENT

The first paragraph of the paper is the most important—and probably the most difficult to write, as it describes the focus of your argument and your reason for making it.

You should start by 1) providing some relevant background information and then 2) explain your motive for writing and 3) state your thesis. Typically, you will want to make your thesis statement in the final
sentences of the introductory paragraph.

Example of a strong thesis paragraph:

b) BODY PARAGRAPHS

Use the body paragraphs of your paper to develop your argument. Typically, a short paper has about three body paragraphs between the thesis paragraph and the conclusion. However, you should use as many paragraphs as you need to express your
ideas effectively. Each paragraph should develop a single, specific component of your argument. A paragraph should not explore two separate ideas unless it explicitly tells why they are related to each other.

Some important points to consider when writing your body paragraphs:

à TOPIC SENTENCES

E ach paragraph should begin with a sentence that develops your thesis statement.

Topic sentences should introduce new information that confirms or complicates the argument that you state in the first paragraph.

à EVIDENCE AND ANALYSIS

Within the paragraph, you should use specific evidence to supportthe idea stated in your topic sentence. Evidence may include historical events, passages from your chosen text (primary source), or arguments that other people
have made about your topic (secondary sources).

Analysis sentences explain why this evidence supports the argument that you are making.

à TRANSITIONS WITHIN PARAGRAPHS

The ideas within each body paragraph should come in a logical sequence. This sequence can explain, complicate, or develop the idea of the topic sentence.

Transitional words help your reader understand how you are developing your main idea. These words indicate contrast, provide examples, explain results, or establish a sequence. Common transitional phrases include “furthermore,” “in addition,”
“in contrast,” “for example,” “as a result,” “hence” and “thus.”

Example of a good body paragraph:

à TRANSITIONS BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS

Just as the ideas within the paragraph should come in a logical sequence, so should the paragraphs themselves. Each paragraph should relate explicitly to the preceding and following paragraph.

c) CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH

A conclusion should explain the significance of your thesis statement in a larger context. Although a conclusion should provide a sense of closure, it should not make broad generalizations that imply that you have supplied an absolute solution
to the problem your paper addresses.

à TECHNIQUES FOR CONCLUDING

One of the most effective ways to provide a sense of closure is to cite a relevant quotation from the text you are working with and to explain how to interpret that quotation using your argument. Another technique is to explain a concept/term that you bring
up in your thesis statement. A further possibility is to end your paper by showing that your argument can be applied to a related topic – this reinforces the relevance of your ideas.

4. FORMATTING AND CITATIONS

You should format your paper according to the rules of the Modern Language Association (MLA).

à Basic Formatting Rules

· Standard A4 paper

· Font: 12-point Times New Roman

· Double-spaced

· Paragraphs indented 0.5 inch from the left margin

· Block quotations indented 1 inch from the left margin

· Page numbers: Number the first page in the upper right-hand corner. On all subsequent pages, place your last name before the page number (Garcia 12). Put the page numbers in the upper right-hand corner of the page, 0.5 inches from the top.

· The heading should include your name, your instructor’s name, the course name, and the date. Double-space the heading.

· Title: You do not need a separate title page. Center the title and place it one double space below the heading. Capitalize all principal words. Do not underline or italicize. Double-space titles longer than one line.

Example of heading and title:

à CITING QUOTATIONS

· Three lines of text or fewer: include in the text, surrounded by double quotation marks. [“xxxx.”]

· Three lines of text or more: indent 1 inch from the left margin of the text; omit quotation marks.

· Three lines of poetry or fewer: include in the text, using solidi (/) to indicate line breaks.

· Three lines of poetry or more: offset as you would more than three lines of text (see rules above). Include line breaks. Do not use slashes to indicate line breaks.

· To indicate an omission: use an ellipsis [. . .] (three periods in a row with spaces between them). If the omission is at the end of a sentence or more than one sentence, add a period to the ellipsis.

à CITING IN TEXT (IN-TEXT CITATIONS)

For every quotation or reference in the text of your paper, indicate the author and page number of the referenced work in a parenthetical note immediately following the reference. The final quotation mark comes
before the first parenthesis, and the sentence’s punctuation comes after the final parenthesis. If you do not directly quote the author, but still reference / paraphrase his or her ideas, these rules apply.

Here are some basic MLA rules:

· Works by one author: In parentheses, after the quote, include the author’s last name and the page number. If you name the author in the text of the paper, include the page number but not the author’s name.

Example: It has been said that “all men may be created equal, but not all men live equally well” (Howard 421).

Example: Finton Howard firmly insists that “all men may be created equal, but not all men live equally well” (421).

· Works by two or three authors: Include each author’s name in the parentheses, separated by “and.”

Example: “A man who knows where the fish eat may soon eat fish himself” (Rogers and Llewellyn 15).

· Two or more works by the same author: Include a short version of the work’s title in the parenthetical note, separated from the author’s name with a comma.

Example: In her theory of representation, on the other hand, she is less interested in notions of beauty than in notions of “linguistic accuracy” (Martin, Language 143).

· Poems and verse dramas: Cite act, scene, and line numbers, separated by periods. Do not cite page numbers. Do not use Roman numerals. When poems are not divided into acts or scenes, cite only line numbers.

Example: (Shakespeare, Hamlet 1.23.218–219)

Example: (Keats 14–16) or (Keats lines 14–16)

5. WORKS CITED

The Works Cited section should follow the end of your paper. The purpose of this section is to make it possible for your readers to identify and consult the sources that you use to make your argument.

You should list at least two works besides your primary sources – and only one of these works can be in Chinese. If you list four sources, only two can be in Chinese, and so on, meaning that there must be a balance between sources in English
and sources in Chinese.

à BASIC RULES

· The Works Cited section must include every work you cite in your paper.

· Place the Works Cited section at the end of the paper, starting on a separate page.

· Single-space entries but leave an additional space between entries.

· Center the words “Works Cited” at the top of the page.

· Alphabetize the entries by author’s last name. For works with no listed author, alphabetize by title.

Example:

Henderson, Jonathan. Processes of Consciousness Encoded in Semiotic Sign-Sequences: A Political Approach. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

· Books with one, two, or three authors: Authors’ names, title (italicized), city of publication (include state abbreviations for smaller cities), publisher, and date.

Example:

Rawson, Claude. God, Gulliver and Genocide: Barbarism and the European Imagination, 1492-1945. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001.

· Books with authors and editors or translators: Include the name of the editor or translator after the title, abbreviating “editor” to “Ed.” and “translator” to “Trans.”

Example:

Eliot, George. Middlemarch. Ed. Phillippa Howitzer. New York: Overlook Press, 1981.

· Two or more works by the same author: Sort alphabetically by title. For every entry after the first, replace the author’s name with three em-dashes.

Example:

Kelley, Randolph. My Time in Eden. Los Angeles: El Dorado Press, 1990.

———. You Can So Go Home Again. Los Angeles: El Dorado Press, 1972.

· Journal articles: Authors’ names, title of article (in quotes), journal title (italicized), date or volume and issue number, and page numbers.

Example:

Satchel, Marcus. “Shakespeare’s Women.” Shakespearean Times 26.7 (1982): 34–41.

· Websites: Complete URL and, if available, author information, title information, date text was posted, date site was accessed, and company or organization information.

Example:

Berry, Brandon. “Dodgers Strike Out on New Stadium Deal.” ESPN.com. 17 December 2001. 20 December 2001. http://www.espn.com/berry121701.html.

· Articles in an encyclopedia, dictionary or reference book: Author’s name, title of the article, title of the work, and publication information (including number of volumes).

Example:

Ellerbe, Hyman. “Abraham Lincoln.” Encyclopedia of Political Leaders. Ed. Lavar O’ Denby. 4 vols. New York: Random House, 1977.

If no author is given, alphabetize by article title.

Example:

“Prolegomena.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.

à For works in Chinese, you should follow exactly the same MLA rules and indicate all the elements in pinyin.

6. CHECK SPELLING AND GRAMMAR

Double-check your paper carefully before submission. Computer spell-checking misses many, many mistakes. Reread your paper and look at spelling, subject-verb agreement, long sentences, and long paragraphs.

7. AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

If you fail to use citations to indicate which ideas you got from someone else, you are effectively claiming those ideas as your own, whether you mean to or not. Stealing an idea is called plagiarism, and it is a serious offense that may cost you your
grade and reputation.

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我简单说一下我在加拿大被老师反复灌输了4年的论文写作结构。

众所周知，英语论文分为两种：Knowledge essay和 Cited essay（后者的称呼不确定）。
前者是依靠自己的记忆学识来写，通常只有考试时才会出现。比如一些省统考，例如要考过才能上大学的Literacy test。
后者则是在建立在有原文依据的借鉴下，并且表明出处而写出的论文。就像：

To justify this, when Lady Macbeth encourages her man successfully, she says “ When in swinish sleep their drenched natures lie as in a death, what cannot you and I perform upon th’ unguarded Duncan”( I. VII. 75-78). 

之后至于文章结构，看下图（来自老师发的Handout）：



表示一楼的答案已很全面，若有人需要其他详细资料我再多解释（就是你懒）

On the whole, 3U那年被essay虐得死去活来活来死去，到最后的麻木证明了真的只有练才是生路.........多找语法成熟的人帮忙改会有很多领悟。

————————————5.11更新的分割线——————————

这里是一个写论文的小tip。也是老师在教学时无数次强调的。

Argument。也就是你的Thesis Statment，是你写论文最重要的点。你的论文一定要对题，但是同时也不能定的太死，你的定论（Thesis Statment）要有可以让人say no的点。

For example:

In the relationship of marriage, the wife of the thane of Glamis becomes the key that saves Macbeth from his frightened mind.

这是一个Thesis Statement。你可以否定这个定论中the wife of the thane of Glamis到底有没有拯救她的丈夫，或者她丈夫有没有恐慌过。

而：

In the relationship of marriage, the wife of the thane of Glamis is a savor to her panicky husband.

这个定论中就没有让人争论的地方了。若读者不能以一颗探究之心去读一篇论文，而是全盘接受作者的观点，那么论文写作的意义何在？

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这是吴凌峰先生（感谢@琥珀糖同学指正，是唐凌峰先生）在科学网发布的关于英文论文写作的初步总结和资料推荐，深以为然，转到知乎上和大家共享。如果有不合适之处请联系本人，将第一时间删除。

虽然我英文写作的经验不多，但是用英文做学术报告和教学的经验还是不少的。而且我的学术报告和写的中文文章一般都清晰易懂，所以以前一直以为英语写作对我而言不成问题。直到有一天，我看到了周耀旗老师的一篇文章《写好英语科技论文的诀窍：主动迎合读者期望，预先回答专家可能质疑》。这篇文章对我启发非常大。我印象最深的是：论文写作时，新的信息和旧的（熟悉的）信息要合理安排，旧的信息在前，新的信息在后，而且新的信息在第一次出现的时候，必须介绍清楚。正是因为没有注意到这个问题，很多论文即使发表了，读起来也非常难懂。读了这篇文章，我深感自己的英语写作需要提高的地方还有许多。

如果新旧信息的安排不合理，文章就会难以理解。此外，作者和读者思维方式的不同也会使文章难以理解。在我做PPT的时候，导师常常指出我的一个问题：缺乏连贯性。两张相连的幻灯片之间没有平滑的过渡，听众往往不理解为什么突然从一个话题讲到另外一个话题去了。一开始，虽然我也会听从他的建议，但是我从内心里对他的建议不以为然。几年之后，我终于领悟到：不同的人的思维方式是不同的，而演讲者应该使自己的表达方式和听众的思维方式一致，听众才易于理解。具体到我的身上而言，我的思维方式跳跃性很强，但是听众需要连贯性的理解，所以当我在缺乏过渡的情况下，从一个话题切换到另外一个话题，听众就会感到不解。即使同是跳跃性的思维，如果双方每一次“跳跃”的位置不一样，跳跃性的表达也会难以理解。所以思考的时候，可以天马行空地跳跃性思考，表达的时候，则需要步步为营地连贯性表达。做学术报告如此，写论文同样如此。

文章难懂的第三个原因，也是最重要的原因是整体构架不好。整体构架不好的文章第一个特点是抓不住重点。要么是在细枝末节上解释太多，对于关键的内容却一笔带过；要么是把关键内容放在不显眼的位置。正常情况下，重要内容应该放于段落的开头（topic sentence，主题句）或者末尾。开头是最常见的位置，因为读者阅读一个段落，首先看的就是第一句话。当把topic sentence放到段落中间的时候，就会被读者忽视。以前我带教的课程需要学生写比较正规的实验报告，当时写作要求里就硬性规定：每一段的开头必须是topic sentence。整体构架不好的文章第二个特点是抓住了重点，但是逻辑不流畅。这与新旧信息的合理安排和思维方式的一致也有相关性。例如先介绍自己做了哪些实验，再介绍存在的问题及为什么要做这些实验，从逻辑上来讲顺序就不对，反过来才讲得通。

正常情况下，写论文应该先构思整体的提纲，然后构思每一部分（introduction，methods，results，discussion）的提纲，最后构思每一段的提纲。只有当提纲构思好了之后，才动笔详写段落和句子。一篇整体构架好的文章，是容易提炼出提纲或者摘要的文章：只要把每一段的topic sentence拿出来就行了。正因为如此，这样的文章才是最容易理解的文章。

其实英文写作和中文写作并没有太大的差别，上述的三个要点同样适合中文论文的写作。只有当中文写作条理清晰、简明易懂的时候，才考虑怎样写出好的英文论文来。

在考GRE和托福的时候，我总结出了一个提高英语写作能力的方法：把基本的表达方法背下来（我称之为“表达单元”，例如“A长期被认为”：A haslong been thought to be），然后熟练运用。我总结了几百个这样的表达单元，反复背诵（文末可以下载）。事实证明，这是提高英语表达能力的一种有效方法。对于英文论文写作而言，看十几篇经典文献，从中提炼出自己写作能用得上的表达单元，反复背记，是提高英语论文写作能力的快速方法。

快速提高英文表达能力的另一个方法就是记下自己曾经犯过的错误，常常复习，并避免下次重犯。人们犯一个错误，是因为有犯这个错误的“易感因素”，只要这个易感因素没有消除，这个错误就会不断的重复。解决的方法就是记住这个错误，有意识地避免重犯。所以我会把导师对我写作的修改建议保存下来。电子版的直接存档，手写的，我扫描下来存档。然后经常复习。我发现：自己经常犯的错误主要就是那么几个。所以今后在写作时，我就重点注意防止同样的错误。因此，我推荐两篇关于中国人英语写作的常见错误的总结的文章（见下面）：《中式英语与美式英语对照表》和《The
Most Common Habits from more than 200 English Papers written byGraduate Chinese Engineering Students》

此外，导师或者他人帮自己修改论文的时候，不能简单地采纳他们的修改意见，而要仔细思考为什么需要那样改？好在哪里？只有弄明白了这些问题，将来才能独立写出好的论文来。

遇到不会的表达怎么办？

Google：

检索英文网页，直接输入自己不确定的表达方法，例如不清楚“在10月1日”的表达方法是On October 1st，还是At October 1st，就可以分别检索这两种表达方法。正确的检索结果远多于错误的结果。当然还有更基本的检索方法，就是直接输入中文 + 英语翻译，例如“在显微镜下观察英语翻译”。

CNKI翻译助手：http://dict.cnki.net/

遇到专业名词不知道翻译怎么办？CNKI翻译助手以中国知网数据库里面的中英文标题和摘要为依据，提供专业名词的翻译。不过由于都是中国人写的，翻译可能不十分准确，但是至少提供了一个参考。建议对查到的译法用Google学术进一步验证（下面会详述）。检索方法简答，就是直接输入中文，点击搜索即可。例如“在显微镜下观察”的搜索结果是：

http://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspx?searchword=%u663E%u5FAE%u955C%u4E0B%u89C2%u5BDF

爱词霸英语句库：toast_例句_句子

有大量例句。直接输入中文，检索英文。不过不是每一个表达方法都是地道的，所以还需要用Google学术进一步验证。

Google学术：

优点是可以对发表的论文进行全文检索，所以适合用来参考论文写作的表达方法。假如不知道“帕金森病患者”怎样翻译，就可以在Google学术里面输入“patient Parkinson's disease”，然后搜索，可以看到正确的用法是patientwith Parkinson's disease. 值得注意的是，检索的结果也有出错的可能，所以一般选用使用频率最高的表达方法，这样的表达应该最可靠。

我常犯的一些错误：

1. 缺乏参考文献。每一句话，除非是常识，如果是事实性的，都需要参考文献支持。

2. 句子太长。一般而言是短句比长句好，常用单词比生僻单词好。

3. an，a不分

4. 单复数不分：例如该加s的地方没加s，该用have的地方用了has等。

5. the的用法不对

推荐的文章：

周耀旗（印第安那大学信息学院教授）：《写好英语科技论文的诀窍：主动迎合读者期望，预先回答专家可能质疑》

http://sparks.informatics.iupui.edu/Publications_files/write-chinese.php

这篇文章值得精读十遍，但最重要的是要熟练运用。

《The Science of Scientific Writing》

http://192.38.112.111/write/Science_writing.pdf

是《写好英语科技论文的诀窍：主动迎合读者期望，预先回答专家可能质疑》一文的主要参考文献，同样建议精读和熟练运用。

吴健生:《中英文论文写作的最大不同》

科学网—中英文论文写作的最大不同

文中关于新旧信息顺序的举例很好。

《The Most Common Habits from more than 200 English Papers written byGraduate Chinese Engineering Students》

http://papertalks.org/p/resources/Academic/EnglishWritingSkills/MostCommonEnglishWritingHabitsOfChinese.pdf

《中式英语与美式英语对照表》

常见中式英语与美式英语对照

总结了大量中国人写英语的常见错误及正确的表达方法

施一公：《如何提高英文的科研写作能力》科学网—如何提高英文的科研写作能力

孙常全：《提高写科研论文效率之“化整为零法 (Modular approach)》科学网—提高写科研论文效率之“化整为零法
(Modular approach)”

任胜利：《科技写作》系列博文

科学网—rensl的博文

推荐的书籍：

The elements of style （51页）

这是很多人推荐的书籍，主要讲的是写作的细节问题。我认为做事情应该“先战略，后战术”，所以对于写作而言，第一步是建立起好的框架（提纲），然后是段落和句子的组织，最后才是具体的表达。不过这本书不长，也值得一看。

最后说一下我自己写段落的方法吧，在国内的时候没经过系统的英语学术写作训练血和泪的教训之后，老师教给我的TEES大法。

这个方法是分解段落的层次和梳理逻辑关系用的，可以让你的文章更有逻辑性，也可以说是所谓的Critical thinking.

T: Topic, 中心句

E: Evidence 论据

E: Explain 论证

S: Sum up 结论

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开篇先推荐一本书，《从一到无穷大》，这书特别好，怎么个好法儿呢？首先它有中文版，而且翻译的非常流畅，不像蓝皮的《万物简史》翻译得那么操蛋；其次书不是特别厚，起码不像GEB（《歌德、埃舍尔、巴赫》）那本一千多页直接让你丧失阅读兴趣；最后也是最重要的，作者把科学写得非常美，那种让你读完之后会后悔当时为什么选了文科的那种后悔，那种当时老师为什么开学不推荐你读读的那种后悔。
从一到无穷大 (豆瓣)

读完这本呢，我估计你有点热血沸腾，觉得学理工科似乎不是一件那么没有意义的事情，下面我建议读一本心灵鸡汤的书。这种其实书哪本都行，都是自己给自己的心理暗示。

慢慢来.一切都来得及 (豆瓣)

心理建设完，要开始谈谈论文的事情，首先建议你看一本英语学习的书，准确的说，不是书，而且看作者在书后开的单子。

把你的英语用起来！ (豆瓣)

这里推荐两个能上谷歌的网站（不用翻墙）

谷歌学术搜索_香港scholar.google.com.hk打不开就用谷粉学术

http://scholar.glgoo.com/

Google 学术搜索-Linkscholar.org为您提供代理服务

greatfire/wiki · GitHub

掌握方法之后，就可以开始拿英文论文实战了。看的时候，我顺带建议你看看麦肯锡的金字塔原则是个什么玩意，这个有书，应该是一个老太太写的，我看过，没劲，还有几个日本人写的，我也看过，一般，直接看冯唐写的一篇《老聃的金字塔原则》（摘自《活着活着就老了》，网上搜博客有）就成。为的是刻意训练思维方式。（见老聃的金字塔原则）

等到开写的时候，我推荐下面几本书。从宏观层面，首先是《SCI论文写作和发表》，作者是中国人，看了容易上手。
SCI论文写作和发表 (豆瓣)

接着是science research writing，也是针对英文非母语的人群的指导作品。放心，都不厚。
Science Research Writing (豆瓣)

然后是一本随写随查的工具书，作用类似于你小学刚写作文的好词好句集外加语法书，特别有用。比如你不知道实验仪器，瓶瓶罐罐摆那，你怎么描述，看这个。

英文科技论文写作与编辑指南 (豆瓣)

具体技术层面，图表。图的话，推荐刘万祥的两本书。照着作能画出《经济学人》的图表水平，副作用是你会觉得你之前拿excel画的实在是土炮。

用地图说话 (豆瓣)

Excel图表之道 (豆瓣)

如果觉得这两本太多了，那就看下面一本，跟前边两本差不多。

演绎生动：Excel图表 (豆瓣)

这里推荐三个画地图或者配色网站

ColorBrewer: Color Advice for Maps

Maps for the Web, made easy

Mapbox | Design and publish beautiful maps

说到excel，推荐一本买了白买纯粹摆着好看的书。如果真买了，推荐看最后的那部分，讲怎么做excel小软件界面的，很有用。

Excel应用大全 (豆瓣)

作图和数据分析，按道理excel都能干，如果你会编程，其实学学R语言也不错，ggplot2是其中的一个插件，画图方便逼格高，尤其是默认配色，远比excel好看，这里特别强调excel的默认配色是难以接受的土，如果你想画好看，真得看看我上面写的配色网站。

ggplot2 (豆瓣)

最后说一句，还可以看看雅思小论文的写作指导书，看了就知道面对图表应该怎么写。

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