Day-2

作用域：对于变量的作用域，执行声明并在内存中存在三元运算：

result

=

值

1

if

条件

else

值

2

如果条件为真：result= 值1
如果条件为假：result= 值2

进制二进制，01八进制，01234567十进制，0123456789十六进制，0123456789ABCDE一、整数如： 18、73、84每一个整数都具备如下功能：

class int(object): """ int(x=0) -> int or long int(x, base=10) -> int or long Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero. If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead. If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal. >>> int('0b100', base=0) """ def bit_length(self): """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """ """ int.bit_length() -> int Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary. >>> bin(37) '0b100101' >>> (37).bit_length() """ return 0

def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """ """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """ pass

def __abs__(self): """ 返回绝对值 """ """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """ pass

def __add__(self, y): """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ pass

def __and__(self, y): """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """ pass

def __cmp__(self, y): """ 比较两个数大小 """ """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ pass

def __coerce__(self, y): """ 强制生成一个元组 """ """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """ pass

def __divmod__(self, y): """ 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """ """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """ pass

def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """ pass

def __hash__(self): """如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。""" """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ pass

def __hex__(self): """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """ """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """ pass

def __index__(self): """ 用于切片，数字无意义 """ """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """ pass

def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__ """ 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """ """ int(x=0) -> int or long int(x, base=10) -> int or long Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero. If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead. If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace. The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to interpret the base from the string as an integer literal. >>> int('0b100', base=0) # (copied from class doc) """ pass

def __int__(self): """ 转换为整数 """ """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """ pass

def __invert__(self): """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """ pass

def __long__(self): """ 转换为长整数 """ """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """ pass

def __oct__(self): """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """ """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """ pass

def __or__(self, y): """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """ pass

def __pos__(self): """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """ pass

def __pow__(self, y, z=None): """ 幂，次方 """ """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ pass

def __radd__(self, y): """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """ pass

def __rand__(self, y): """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """ pass

def __rdivmod__(self, y): """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """ pass

def __rdiv__(self, y): """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """ pass

def __repr__(self): """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """ """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ pass

def __str__(self): """转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式""" """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """ pass

def __rfloordiv__(self, y): """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """ pass

def __rlshift__(self, y): """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """ pass

def __rmod__(self, y): """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """ pass

def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """ pass

def __xor__(self, y): """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """ pass

denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 分母 = 1 """ """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 虚数，无意义 """ """the imaginary part of a complex number"""

numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 分子 = 数字大小 """ """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """ 实属，无意义 """ """the real part of a complex number"""

int

二、长整型可能如：2147483649、9223372036854775807每个长整型都具备如下功能：

class long(object): """ long(x=0) -> long long(x, base=10) -> long
long

三、浮点型如：3.14、2.88每个浮点型都具备如下功能：

class float(object): """ float(x) -> floating point number Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible. """ def as_integer_ratio(self): """ 获取改值的最简比 """ """ float.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int)

Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float and with a positive denominator. Raise OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs.

>>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio() (10, 1) >>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio() (0, 1) >>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio() (-1, 4) """ pass

def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self, the complex conjugate of any float. """ pass

def fromhex(self, string): """ 将十六进制字符串转换成浮点型 """ """ float.fromhex(string) -> float Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string. >>> float.fromhex('0x1.ffffp10') 2047.984375 >>> float.fromhex('-0x1p-1074') -4.9406564584124654e-324 """ return 0.0

def hex(self): """ 返回当前值的 16 进制表示 """ """ float.hex() -> string Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number. >>> (-0.1).hex() '-0x1.999999999999ap-4' >>> 3.14159.hex() '0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1' """ return ""

def is_integer(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return True if the float is an integer. """ pass

def __abs__(self): """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """ pass

def __add__(self, y): """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ pass

def __coerce__(self, y): """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """ pass

def __divmod__(self, y): """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """ pass

def __div__(self, y): """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """ pass

def __eq__(self, y): """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ pass

def __float__(self): """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """ pass

def __floordiv__(self, y): """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """ pass

def __format__(self, format_spec): """ float.__format__(format_spec) -> string Formats the float according to format_spec. """ return ""

def __getattribute__(self, name): """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ pass

def __getformat__(self, typestr): """ float.__getformat__(typestr) -> string You probably don't want to use this function. It exists mainly to be used in Python's test suite. typestr must be 'double' or 'float'. This function returns whichever of 'unknown', 'IEEE, big-endian' or 'IEEE, little-endian' best describes the format of floating point numbers used by the C type named by typestr. """ return ""

def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass

def __ge__(self, y): """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ pass

def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None): """ 编码，针对unicode """ """ S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors. """ return object()

def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None): """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """ """ S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise. With optional start, test S beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. """ return False

def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None): """ 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """ """ S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. """ return ""

def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None): """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，则异常 """ """ S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return -1 on failure. """ return 0

def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format """ 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """ """ S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs. The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}'). """ pass

def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None): """ 子序列位置，如果没找到，则返回-1 """ S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. """ return 0

def isalnum(self): """ 是否是字母和数字 """ """ S.isalnum() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. """ return False

def isalpha(self): """ 是否是字母 """ """ S.isalpha() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. """ return False

def isdigit(self): """ 是否是数字 """ """ S.isdigit() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are digits and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. """ return False

def islower(self): """ 是否小写 """ """ S.islower() -> bool Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. """ return False

def isspace(self): """ S.isspace() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are whitespace and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. """ return False

def istitle(self): """ S.istitle() -> bool Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False otherwise. """ return False

def isupper(self): """ S.isupper() -> bool Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. """ return False

def join(self, iterable): """ 连接 """ """ S.join(iterable) -> string Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the iterable. The separator between elements is S. """ return ""

def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None): """ 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """ """ S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space). """ return ""

def lower(self): """ 变小写 """ """ S.lower() -> string Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase. """ return ""

def lstrip(self, chars=None): """ 移除左侧空白 """ """ S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping """ return ""

def partition(self, sep): """ 分割，前，中，后三部分 """ """ S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not found, return S and two empty strings. """ pass

def replace(self, old, new, count=None): """ 替换 """ """ S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. """ return ""

def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): """ S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return -1 on failure. """ return 0

def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): """ S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. """ return 0

def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): """ S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space) """ return ""

def rpartition(self, sep): """ S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not found, return two empty strings and S. """ pass

def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None): """ S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string is a separator. """ return []

def rstrip(self, chars=None): """ S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping """ return ""

def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None): """ 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """ """ S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed from the result. """ return []

def splitlines(self, keepends=False): """ 根据换行分割 """ """ S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and true. """ return []

def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None): """ 是否起始 """ """ S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise. With optional start, test S beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. """ return False

def strip(self, chars=None): """ 移除两段空白 """ """ S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing whitespace removed. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping """ return ""

def swapcase(self): """ 大写变小写，小写变大写 """ """ S.swapcase() -> string Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa. """ return ""

def title(self): """ S.title() -> string Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase. """ return ""

def translate(self, table, deletechars=None): """ 转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合 intab = "aeiou" outtab = "12345" trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab) str = "this is string example....wow!!!" print str.translate(trantab, 'xm') """

""" S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the remaining characters have been mapped through the given translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None. If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars. """ return ""

def upper(self): """ S.upper() -> string Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase. """ return ""

def zfill(self, width): """方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。""" """ S.zfill(width) -> string Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the specified width. The string S is never truncated. """ return ""

def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass

def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass

def __add__(self, y): """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ pass

def __contains__(self, y): """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """ pass

def __eq__(self, y): """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ pass

def __format__(self, format_spec): """ S.__format__(format_spec) -> string Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec. """ return ""

def __getattribute__(self, name): """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ pass

def __getitem__(self, y): """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ pass

def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass

def __getslice__(self, i, j): """ x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported. """ pass

def __ge__(self, y): """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ pass

def __gt__(self, y): """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ pass

def __hash__(self): """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ pass

def __init__(self, string=''): # known special case of str.__init__ """ str(object='') -> string Return a nice string representation of the object. If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object. # (copied from class doc) """ pass

def __len__(self): """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ pass

def __le__(self, y): """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ pass

def __lt__(self, y): """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ pass

def __mod__(self, y): """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """ pass

def __mul__(self, n): """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """ pass

def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ 清除内容 """ """ D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """ pass

def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ 浅拷贝 """ """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """

def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """ """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """ pass

def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ 是否有key """ """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """ return False

def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ 所有项的列表形式 """ """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """ return []

def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ 项可迭代 """ """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """ pass

def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ key可迭代 """ """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """ pass

def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ value可迭代 """ """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """ pass

def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ 所有的key列表 """ """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """ return []

def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ 获取并在字典中移除 """ """ D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised """ pass

def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ 获取并在字典中移除 """ """ D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty. """ pass

def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """ """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """ pass

def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update """ 更新 {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000} [('name','sbsbsb'),] """ """