python爬虫实战之模拟正方教务系统登录查询成绩

最近由于某些需要，开始入门Python网络爬虫，想通过一个Python程序来访问正方教务管理系统并且抓取到期末的成绩，由于我并没有深入了解过过其他的编程语言，所以，也比较不出Python和其他语言(如JAVA/PHP)的优缺点，只是因为我会Python，废话不多说，开工。

首先说一下，我们学校教务系统的网址是http://222.24.19.201，我想到的流程是，登入教务系统，然后访问查成绩的网址，将历年成绩抓取下来，这是一个很直观的流程，在程序中要做的就是1.登录， 2.访问 , 3.抓取，4.解析。当然，在这之前，首先要解决一个问题： 验证码。



就是这样，验证码！我想到的第一个问题是OCR，可这个对我来说有点太复杂了，有其他的方法嘛，仔细观察，



我们登录要提交的验证码，帐号密码其实是提交到了http://222.24.19.201/default2.aspx

，可是这并没有什么用，还是验证码，等等，注意到了default后面的2，那岂不是还有0，1，3，4…，抱着试一试的态度，尝试了一下，知道找到http://222.24.19.201/default6.aspx，终于看到了预期的结果。



居然是北京第二外国语学院，贵圈真乱！由于我清楚222.24.19.201是邮电学院的IP，所以，我就在用户名和密码上填入了自己的用户名和密码，果不其然，登进去了，所以决定了，就从这个网址下手。



接下来，就得看浏览器都干了些什么，我用的查看浏览器行为的是一款叫做HttpFox的扩展程序，如果你用的是Windows， 那么Fiddler也是一个不错的选择，这是这款程序的外观


当浏览器访问新的网页的时候，这个程序会跟踪追踪浏览器的行为(POST & GET 不了解的请自行百度）所以我们先来尝试访问一下



看到了POST， 我想知道我们向浏览器都提交了什么，点击POST， 查看POST DATA


东西真多，我们需要将这些东西通过程序提交给服务器，值的说的是，乱码的一个是”学生” 一个是”登录”， 由于，教务系统的网站所用的编码是gb2312， 而它用utf-8的方式打开，所以，就乱了。。还有一个第一项—__VIEWSTATE这是asp.net框架特有的一个东西，详细用法自行百度，这里一定要加入(P.S 不要尝试登录朕的教务系统，这只是测试密码).

关于登录，我们必须要谈的一个话题是Cookie, 这不只是饼干，还是指某些网站为了辨别用户身份、进行session跟踪而储存在用户本地终端上的数据（通常经过加密），所以我们要做的第一件事就是获取这个网站的Cookie。Python提供了一个模块叫做cookielib,我们要构建一个cookie的处理器来存储访问网站所得的cookie

<code class="hljs makefile has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">import urllib2
import cookielib
<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">loginURL</span> = 'http://222.24.19.201/default6.aspx'
<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">cookie</span> = cookielib.CookieJar()
<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">opener</span>=urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie))
<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">myRequest</span> = urllib2.Request(loginURL, postdata,headers)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

这个步骤过后，cookie我们就获得了cookie， 因为待会要用到，所以我们用字符串可以存储，然后打印出来

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> i <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> cookie:
Cookie = i.name+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"="</span>+i.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">value</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

然后我们尝试登录，

<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">page = urllib2.urlopen(loginURL).<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">read</span>()
postdata = urllib.urlencode({
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'__VIEWSTATE'</span>:getVIEW(page),
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'txtYhm'</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04133128</span>,              <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#std ID</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'txtMm'</span>:<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'test1234'</span>,         <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#password</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'rblJs'</span>:<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'学生'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'btnDl'</span>:<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">' 登录'</span>})
headers = {
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'User-Agent'</span>:<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.76 Safari/537.36'</span>
}
cookie = cookielib.CookieJar()
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie))
myRequest = urllib2.Request(loginURL, postdata,headers)
loginPage = opener.<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">open</span>(myRequest).<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">read</span>()
page =  unicode(loginPage, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'gb2312'</span>).encode(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"utf-8"</span>)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li></ul>

这样，主界面就存储到了page中。

接下来，我们就要开始往查成绩的界面走了， 继续HttpFox



我们会发现查成绩的网址其实是

http://222.24.19.201/xscjcx.aspx?xh=04133128&xm=%CD%F5%BE%A9%B2%A9&gnmkdm=N121605

xm后面是本人名字的编码，其他的我就不做过多解释了，将这个网址放到浏览器中访问，结果出现了神奇的



here是个网址，看下源码，


Nothiing!!!!!醉了，哪里出问题了？百度之，没有准确答复，遂自行解决，这下，我用程序试试看

<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">head = {

<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Host'</span>:<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'222.24.19.201'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Cookie'</span>:Cookie,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'User-Agent'</span>:<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.76 Safari/537.36'</span>
}

getdata = urllib.urlencode({
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'xh'</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">04133128</span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'xm'</span>:***,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'gnmkdm'</span>: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'N121605'</span>

})
MyRequest= urllib2.Request(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'http://222.24.19.201/xscjcx.aspx?'</span>+getdata,None, head)      <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#According to this page ,we can get the viewstats</span>
loginPage=unicode(opener.<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">open</span>(MyRequest).<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">read</span>(), <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'gb2312'</span>).encode(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"utf-8"</span>)
data = urllib.urlencode({
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"__VIEWSTATE"</span>:getVIEW(loginPage),
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"btn_zcj"</span>:<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"历年成绩"</span>
})
MyRequest= urllib2.Request(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'http://222.24.19.201/xscjcx.aspx?'</span>+getdata,data, head)      <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#Score's page</span>
html = opener.<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">open</span>(MyRequest)
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">result</span> =  unicode(html.<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">read</span>(), <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'gb2312'</span>).encode(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"utf-8"</span>)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li></ul>

name栏的*是朕的名字。

打印result,居然变成了登录界面。。。是不是我的hander不全，人家访问的时侯hander request有那么多，抱着试试看的态度，我把他们全加上了所以， hander就成了这样

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">head = {
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Accept'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8'</span></span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Accept-Encoding'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'gzip, deflate'</span></span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Accept-Language'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'zh-CN,zh;q=0.8'</span></span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Cache-Control'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'no-cache'</span></span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Connection'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'keep-alive'</span></span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Content-Type'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'</span></span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Host'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'222.24.19.201'</span></span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Cookie'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:Cookie</span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Origin'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'http://222.24.19.201'</span></span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Pragma'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'no-cache'</span></span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'Referer'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'http://222.24.19.201/xs_main.aspx?xh='</span>+ID</span>,
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'User-Agent'</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:<span class="hljs-string" style="box-sizing: border-box;">'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.76 Safari/537.36'</span></span>
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>

再次打印，居然登录进去了，果然是hander出了问题，经过了解，错在了一个选项叫做Referer, 这个东西是记录，你是从哪个网页跳转到这个网页的，这也就是为什么会有Object move to here 的原因，具体请百度”Referer”.接下来，我们要对得到的result进行解析，我用的是正则

<code class="hljs xml has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">str = r"<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">td</span>></span>(.*)<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"></<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">td</span>></span><span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">td</span>></span>(.*)<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"></<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">td</span>></span><span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); 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正则写的太烂，勉强够用，，

这样我们就可以得到一项成绩，将之存储到一个列表中， 然后将课程名字与列表对应起来，构成一个字典，这样，完成了存储，大功告成！

这是我写的第一个Python网络爬虫程序，难免会有疏漏，请大家多多指出错误，谢谢。

有对源码感兴趣的请戳https://github.com/Penguin502/ScoreSpider。