[python]python标准库（模块）简介

fnmatch

文件名匹配模块

fnmatch.fnmatch(filename,pattern)

pattern	含义
*	匹配任意字符
？	匹配单个字符
[seq]	匹配seq中的某一个字符
[!seq]	匹配不在seq中的任一字符

glob

待补充

getopt

获取命令行参数的模块

getopt.getopt(args, options[, long_options])

args一般等于sys.argv[1:]

options:字符串类型

long_options：字符串列表

>>> import getopt
>>> args = '-a -b -cfoo -d bar a1 a2'.split()
>>> args
['-a', '-b', '-cfoo', '-d', 'bar', 'a1', 'a2']
>>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'abc:d:')
>>> optlist
[('-a', ''), ('-b', ''), ('-c', 'foo'), ('-d', 'bar')]
>>> args
['a1', 'a2']

冒号’:’表示该option有参数（value），如上面的例子中，’abc:d:’，选型-c和-d都有参数。注意：命令行参数中不一定要全部包含a,b,c,d四个选项。

>>> optlist,args = getopt.getopt(['-a','-c','ccccc'],'abc:d:')
>>> optlist
[('-a', ''), ('-c', 'ccccc')]

long_options的例子

>>> s = '--condition=foo --testing --output-file abc.def -x a1 a2'
>>> args = s.split()
>>> args
['--condition=foo', '--testing', '--output-file', 'abc.def', '-x', 'a1', 'a2']
>>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'x', [
...     'condition=', 'output-file=', 'testing'])
>>> optlist
[('--condition', 'foo'), ('--testing', ''), ('--output-file', 'abc.def'), ('-x', '')]
>>> args
['a1', 'a2']

getopt能够解析形如’-abcd’的命令行参数形式，如：

>>> optlist,args = getopt.getopt(['-abcd'],'abcd')
>>>> optlist
[('-a', ''), ('-b', ''), ('-c', ''), ('-d', '')]

argparse

命令行参数解析模块，比getopt要高级，是一个非常强有力的命令行参数解析工具

argparse将参数分为两类：位置参数和可选参数

import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
#positional arguments
#parser.add_argument('echo',type=str,help='echo the string you use there')
parser.add_argument('square',type=int,help='display a square of a given number')

#optional arguments
#parser.add_argument('--verbose',help='increase output verbosity',
#                    action='store_true')
#shorted argument
parser.add_argument('-V','-v','--verbose',type=int,choices=[0,1,2],
help='increase output verbosity')
args = parser.parse_args()
answer = args.square ** 2
if args.verbose == 0:
print 'the square of {0} equals {1}'.format(args.square,answer)
elif args.verbose == 1:
print '{}^2 = {}'.format(args.square,answer)
else:
print answer
#print args.echo
#print args.square ** 2

import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('x',type=int,help='the base')
parser.add_argument('y',type=int,help='the exponent')
parser.add_argument('-V','--verbosity',action='count',default=0)
args = parser.parse_args()

answer = args.x ** args.y
if args.verbosity >= 2:
print 'running %s' % __file__
if args.verbosity >= 1:
print '%s^%s =' % (args.x,args.y),
print answer

具体用法参考python官方手册

marshal和pickle

数据序列化

dumps(value)—->字符串

loads(string)—–>value

marshal

marshal的用法和pickle基本类似，只是支持转换的数据不通。

pickle

pickle.dump(obj, file[, protocol])

Write a pickled representation of obj to th
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e open file object file. This is equivalent to Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj).

If the protocol parameter is omitted, protocol 0 is used. If protocol is specified as a negative value or HIGHEST_PROTOCOL, the highest protocol version will be used.

file must have a write() method that accepts a single string argument. It can thus be a file object opened for writing, a StringIO object, or any other custom object that meets this interface.

pickle.load(file)

Read a string from the open file object file and interpret it as a pickle data stream, reconstructing and returning the original object hierarchy. This is equivalent to Unpickler(file).load().

file must have two methods, a read() method that takes an integer argument, and a readline() method that requires no arguments. Both methods should return a string. Thus file can be a file object opened for reading, a StringIO object, or any other custom object that meets this interface.

This function automatically determines whether the data stream was written in binary mode or not.

pickle.dumps(obj[, protocol])

Return the pickled representation of the object as a string, instead of writing it to a file.

If the protocol parameter is omitted, protocol 0 is used. If protocol is specified as a negative value or HIGHEST_PROTOCOL, the highest protocol version will be used.

Changed in version 2.3: The protocol parameter was added.

pickle.loads(string)

Read a pickled object hierarchy from a string. Characters in the string past the pickled object’s representation are ignored.

The following types can be pickled:

None, True, and False

integers, long integers, floating point numbers, complex numbers

normal and Unicode strings

tuples, lists, sets, and dictionaries containing only picklable objects

functions defined at the top level of a module

built-in functions defined at the top level of a module

classes that are defined at the top level of a module

instances of such classes whose dict or the result of calling getstate() is picklable (see section The pickle protocol for details).