Linux下程序包管理之YUM

实验环境：
CentOS release 6.6 (Final) 一台
IP地址：172.16.249.230
附带：CentOS release 6.6光盘镜像文件
CentOS-6.6-x86_64-bin-DVD1.iso
CentOS-6.6-x86_64-bin-DVD2.iso

YUM(Yellow dog Updater, Modified) 由Duke University团队，修改Yellow Dog Linux的Yellow Dog Updater开发而成，
是一个基于 RPM 包管理的字符前端软件包管理器。能够从指定的服务器自动下载 RPM 包并且安装，可以处理依赖性关系，并且一次安装所有依赖的软件包，无须繁琐地一次次下载、安装。被Yellow Dog Linux本身，以及Fedora、Red Hat Enterprise Linux、CentOS、SUSE采用。

一.YUM仓库和客户端简介
YUM repository：yum仓库
存储了众多rpm包，以及包的相关元数据的文件服务器
文件服务器：
HTTP：http://ip/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
FTP：ftp://ip/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
NFS：网络文件系统，nfs://ip/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
FILE：本地，file:///centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
YUM Client ：客户端
配置文件：指向仓库的位置以及各种配置信息，每个yum客户端可以有多个仓库。
缓存文件：/var/cache/yum/

二.YUM的配置文件详解
yum的配置一般有两种方式，一种是直接配置/etc目录下的yum.conf文件，另外一种是在/etc/yum.repos.d目录下增加.repo文件。

（一）.关于yum.conf文件详解

#cat /etc/yum.conf
[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
#yum下载的RPM包的缓存目录
keepcache=0
#缓存是否保存，1保存，0不保存。
debuglevel=2
#调试级别(0-10)，默认为2(具体调试级别的应用，我也不了解)。
logfile=/var/log/yum.log
#yum的日志文件所在的位置
exactarch=1
#在更新的时候，是否允许更新不同版本的RPM包，比如是否在i386上更新i686的RPM包。
obsoletes=1
#这是一个update的参数，具体请参阅yum(8)，简单的说就是相当于upgrade，允许更新陈旧的RPM包。
gpgcheck=1
#是否检查GPG(GNU Private Guard)，一种密钥方式签名。
plugins=1
#是否允许使用插件，默认是0不允许，但是我们一般会用yum-fastestmirror这个插件。
installonly_limit=5
#允许保留多少个内核包。
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=19&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release
#  This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
# is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
# information.
#  It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
# Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
# interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something
# manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).
# metadata_expire=90m
# PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
# in /etc/yum.repos.d

（二）.关于/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo文件详解

什么是repo文件？
repo文件是CentOS中yum源（软件仓库）的配置文件，通常一个repo文件定义了一个或者多个软件仓库的细节内容，例如我们将从哪里下载需要安装或者升级的软件包，repo文件中的设置内容将被yum读取和应用！
我们以一份系统自带的repo文件做为实例来探讨（#号后面是我加的注释）：

[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6

[base]
#方括号里面的是软件源的名称，将被yum取得并识别
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
#这里也定义了软件 仓库的名称，通常是为了方便阅读配置文件，一般没什么作用，
$releasever变量定义了发行版本，通常是5，6，7等数字，
这个变量根据当前系统的版本架构不同而有不同的取值，
这可以方便yum升级的时候选择 适合当前系统的软件包，以下同……
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
#上面的一行baseurl第一个字符是'#'表示该行已经被注释，将不会被读取，
$basearch变量定义了系统的架构，可以是i386、x86_64、ppc等值
这一行的意思是指定一个baseurl（源的镜像服务器地址）
enabled=1
#这个选项表示这个repo中定义的源是启用的，0为禁用
gpgcheck=1            #
这个选项表示这个repo中下载的rpm将进行gpg的校验，已确定rpm包的来源是有效和安全的
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
#定义用于校验的gpg密钥

三.构建YUM仓库

简要步骤说明
（一）.确认文件共享方式
（二）.把rpm包放置于能够被各yum客户端访问到位置
（三）.创建yum仓库的元数据
createrepo命令

#yum -y install createrepo

为yum仓库创建元数据文件

#createrepo 软件包文件目录

实验案例：
在本文中我创建一个本地光盘yum来构建一个本地YUM仓库。
（一）、挂载本地光盘

#mkdir /mnt/cdrom

#新建挂载目录

#mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

#挂载光盘到/mnt/cdrom 目录

#ls /mnt/cdrom

#查看/mnt/cdrom 目录内容

[root@LinuxHost yum.repos.d]# mkdir /mnt/cdrom
[root@LinuxHost yum.repos.d]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@LinuxHost yum.repos.d]# ls /mnt/cdrom
CentOS_BuildTag  isolinux                  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-6
EFI              Packages                  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Security-6
EULA             RELEASE-NOTES-en-US.html  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-6
GPL              repodata                  TRANS.TBL
images           RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6

（二）、配置本地YUM源

#cd /etc/yum.repos.d/

#进入/etc/yum.repos.d 目录

#ls

#查看目录内容

#mv CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Base.repo.bak
#mv CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo.bak

#重命名上面2个文件

#vi CentOS-Media.repo

#对CentOS-Media.repo 进行编辑

（三）、修改CentOS-Media.repo内容
[c6-media]
name=CentOS-$releaserver - Media
#自定义Yum源名称
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom/
#本地光盘挂载路径
gpgcheck=1
#检查GPG-KEY
enabled=1
#启用Yum源
gpgkey=file:///mnt/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
#GPG-KEY路径

[root@LinuxHost yum.repos.d]# cat CentOS-Media.repo
[C6-Media]
name=CentOS-$releaserver-Media
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom
gpcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///mnt/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6

检查列出可用yum仓库元数据

[root@LinuxHost yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                         repo name                                         status
C6-Media                        CentOS-$releaserver-Media                         6,518
repolist: 6,518

至此，本地YUM源配置完成，我们就可以使用yum命令来安装管理程序包了。

四.YUM命令的使用

语法： yum [options] [command] [package ...]
其中的[options]是可选的，选项包括-h（帮助），-y（当安装过程提示选择全部为"yes"），-q（不显示安装的过程）等等。[command]为所要进行的操作，[package ...]是操作的对象

1 程序包管理：安装，更新，卸载，查看信息

直接安装包（可指定版本号）
yum install  packages -y

列出所有程序包（本地已安装和仓库中的程序包）

yum list

实例:

[root@LinuxHost yum.repos.d]# yum list |more
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Determining fastest mirrors
Installed Packages
ConsoleKit.x86_64                        0.4.1-3.el6                    @anaconda-Cen
tOS-201410241409.x86_64/6.6
ConsoleKit-libs.x86_64                   0.4.1-3.el6                    @anaconda-Cen
tOS-201410241409.x86_64/6.6
ConsoleKit-x11.x86_64                    0.4.1-3.el6                    @anaconda-Cen
tOS-201410241409.x86_64/6.6
DeviceKit-power.x86_64                   014-3.el6                      @anaconda-Cen
tOS-201410241409.x86_64/6.6
GConf2.x86_64                            2.28.0-6.el6                   @anaconda-Cen
tOS-201410241409.x86_64/6.6

列出可用yum仓库元数据

yum repolist

实例:

[root@LinuxHost yum.repos.d]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                         repo name                                         status
C6-Media                        CentOS-$releaserver-Media                         6,518
repolist: 6,518

--disablerepo=name  repolist禁用某个仓库，优先级高于配置文件定义的
--enablerepo=name repolist启用某个仓库，优先级高于配置文件定义的
yum list {all|installed|available}显示选项后可以使用globbing通配符

清除本地所有缓存

yum clean all

headers, packages, metadata, dbcache, plugins, expire-cache, rpmdb, all
清除缓存的选项
实例:

[root@LinuxHost yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Cleaning repos: C6-Media
Cleaning up Everything
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors

手动生成yum缓存，有些慢就不帖了。

yum makecache

升级安装包（可指定版本号），没更新的包了！就不升级了！

yum update packages

降级安装包，

yum downgrade packages

我先升级zsh到zsh-4.3.10-8.el6_5.x86_64.rpm，然后执行降级。

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# rpm -Uvh zsh-4.3.10-8.el6_5.x86_64.rpm
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
1:zsh                    ########################################### [100%]
[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum downgrade zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Downgrade Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:4.3.10-7.el6 will be a downgrade
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:4.3.10-8.el6_5 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
========================================================================================
Package         Arch               Version                  Repository            Size
========================================================================================
Downgrading:
zsh             x86_64             4.3.10-7.el6             C6-Media             2.1 M
Transaction Summary
========================================================================================
Downgrade     1 Package(s)
Total download size: 2.1 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.
Installing : zsh-4.3.10-7.el6.x86_64                                              1/2
Cleanup    : zsh-4.3.10-8.el6_5.x86_64                                            2/2
Verifying  : zsh-4.3.10-7.el6.x86_64                                              1/2
Verifying  : zsh-4.3.10-8.el6_5.x86_64                                            2/2
Removed:
zsh.x86_64 0:4.3.10-8.el6_5
Installed:
zsh.x86_64 0:4.3.10-7.el6
Complete!
[root@LinuxHost dvd]# rpm -qa zsh
zsh-4.3.10-7.el6.x86_64

降级成功！

卸载程序包（会一并卸载依赖包）

yum remove|erease packages

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum remove zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Remove Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:4.3.10-7.el6 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
========================================================================================
Package        Arch              Version                    Repository            Size
========================================================================================
Removing:
zsh            x86_64            4.3.10-7.el6               @C6-Media            4.8 M
Transaction Summary
========================================================================================
Remove        1 Package(s)
Installed size: 4.8 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Erasing    : zsh-4.3.10-7.el6.x86_64                                              1/1
Verifying  : zsh-4.3.10-7.el6.x86_64                                              1/1
Removed:
zsh.x86_64 0:4.3.10-7.el6
Complete!
[root@LinuxHost dvd]# rpm -qa zsh

显示已安装或者未安装的指定包的信息（没有rpm -qi详细）

yum info  packages

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum info zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Packages
Name        : zsh
Arch        : x86_64
Version     : 4.3.10
Release     : 7.el6
Size        : 2.1 M
Repo        : C6-Media
Summary     : A powerful interactive shell
URL         : http://zsh.sunsite.dk/ License     : BSD
Description : The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login
: shell and as a shell script command processor.  Zsh resembles the ksh
: shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements.  Zsh supports
: command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable
: command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history
: mechanism, and more.

根据关键字模糊查询包名或包的summary信息包含此KEYWORD的相关列表

yum search KEYWORD

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum search zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
=================================== N/S Matched: zsh ===================================
python-twisted-core-zsh.x86_64 : Tab completion for Zsh and Twisted Core
zsh-html.x86_64 : Zsh shell manual in html format
zsh.x86_64 : A powerful interactive shell
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.

查询文件谁提供了程序包安装的

yum provides|whatprovides  /path/file

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum provides /usr/bin/yum
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
yum-3.2.29-60.el6.centos.noarch : RPM package installer/updater/manager
Repo        : C6-Media
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/bin/yum
yum-3.2.29-60.el6.centos.noarch : RPM package installer/updater/manager
Repo        : installed
Matched from:
Other       : Provides-match: /usr/bin/yum

2.程序包组管理 group

列出所有包组

yum grouplist

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum grouplist |more
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Groups:
Additional Development
Base
Console internet tools
Desktop
Development tools
Dial-up Networking Support
Directory Client
E-mail server
Fonts
General Purpose Desktop
Graphical Administration Tools
Hardware monitoring utilities
Input Methods
Legacy UNIX compatibility
Legacy X Window System compatibility
NFS file server
Network Infrastructure Server
Network file system client
Networking Tools
Performance Tools
Perl Support
Security Tools
System administration tools
Web Server
X Window System
Installed Language Groups:
--More--

显示某包组的信息(强制安装的包，默认安装包，可选包）

yum groupinfo “group_name"

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum groupinfo "Development tools" |more
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Group: Development tools
Description: A basic development environment.
Mandatory Packages:
autoconf
automake
binutils
bison
flex
gcc
gcc-c++
gettext
libtool
make
patch
pkgconfig
redhat-rpm-config
rpm-build
Default Packages:
byacc
cscope
ctags
cvs
diffstat
doxygen
elfutils
gcc-gfortran
--More--
信息太多省略

CentOS6/7都支持安装程序组的命令

yum groupinstall "group_name"
yum install @group_name

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum groupinstall "Server Platform Development"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Package zlib-devel-1.2.3-29.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package glibc-devel-2.12-1.149.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package libstdc++-devel-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package ncurses-devel-5.7-3.20090208.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package 1:dbus-devel-1.2.24-7.el6_3.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package krb5-devel.x86_64 0:1.10.3-33.el6 will be installed
省略。。。。。。。

CentOS6/7都支持移除组的命令

yum groupremove  "group_name"
yum remove @group_name

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum groupremove "Server Platform Development"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package db4-devel.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be erased
--> Processing Dependency: db4-devel for package: 4:perl-devel-5.10.1-136.el6.x86_64
---> Package dbus-devel.x86_64 1:1.2.24-7.el6_3 will be erased
---> Package glibc-devel.x86_64 0:2.12-1.149.el6 will be erased
--> Processing Dependency: glibc-devel >= 2.2.90-12 for package: gcc-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64
---> Package libstdc++-devel.x86_64 0:4.4.7-11.el6 will be erased
--> Processing Dependency: libstdc++-devel = 4.4.7-11.el6 for package: gcc-c++-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64
省略。。。。。。

直接升级程序包组

yum groupupdate "group_name"

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum groupupdate "Server Platform Development"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Group Process
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Package zlib-devel-1.2.3-29.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package glibc-devel-2.12-1.149.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package libstdc++-devel-4.4.7-11.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package ncurses-devel-5.7-3.20090208.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package 1:dbus-devel-1.2.24-7.el6_3.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package krb5-devel.x86_64 0:1.10.3-33.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libselinux-devel for package: krb5-devel-1.10.3-33.el6.x86_64
省略

3.其他程序管理命令

安装本地的rpm包文件，自动通过仓库解决依赖关系，还会检查包来源合法性和完整性

yum localinstall  packages

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum localinstall zsh-4.3.10-8.el6_5.x86_64.rpm
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Local Package Process
Examining zsh-4.3.10-8.el6_5.x86_64.rpm: zsh-4.3.10-8.el6_5.x86_64
Marking zsh-4.3.10-8.el6_5.x86_64.rpm to be installed
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:4.3.10-8.el6_5 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
========================================================================================
Package    Arch          Version               Repository                         Size
========================================================================================
Installing:
zsh        x86_64        4.3.10-8.el6_5        /zsh-4.3.10-8.el6_5.x86_64        4.8 M
Transaction Summary
========================================================================================
Install       1 Package(s)
Total size: 4.8 M
Installed size: 4.8 M
Is this ok [y/N]:
省略信息。。。。。。

本地安装忽略合法性和完整性

yum localinstall  packages --nogpgcheck

检查可用升级

yum check-update

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum check-update
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

重装程序包

yum reinstall packages

列出程序包依赖关系的信息

yum deplist packages

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum deplist python
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Finding dependencies:
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
package: python.x86_64 2.6.6-52.el6
dependency: python-libs(x86-64) = 2.6.6-52.el6
provider: python-libs.x86_64 2.6.6-52.el6
dependency: libutil.so.1()(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.149.el6
dependency: libdl.so.2()(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.149.el6
dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.149.el6
provider: glibc.i686 2.12-1.149.el6
dependency: libm.so.6()(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.149.el6
dependency: libpython2.6.so.1.0()(64bit)
provider: python-libs.x86_64 2.6.6-52.el6
dependency: libpthread.so.0()(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.149.el6
dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.149.el6

yum此前执行的命令历史

yum history

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum history
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
ID     | Login user               | Date and time    | Action(s)      | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
19 | root <root>              | 2014-11-26 02:51 | Erase          |    1
18 | root <root>              | 2014-11-26 02:49 | Downgrade      |    1  <
17 | root <root>              | 2014-11-25 07:08 | Install        |    1 >
16 | root <root>              | 2014-11-25 06:46 | Install        |    3
15 | root <root>              | 2014-11-25 04:02 | Install        |    1
14 | root <root>              | 2014-11-24 13:35 | Install        |    3
13 | root <root>              | 2014-11-24 13:14 | Install        |    1
12 | root <root>              | 2014-11-24 12:13 | Install        |    1
11 | root <root>              | 2014-11-24 12:12 | Install        |   10
10 | root <root>              | 2014-11-24 12:10 | Install        |   34
9 | root <root>              | 2014-11-24 11:43 | Install        |    1
8 | root <root>              | 2014-11-24 11:12 | Install        |   15
7 | root <root>              | 2014-11-24 11:11 | Install        |    1
6 | root <root>              | 2014-11-24 08:58 | Install        |   33  <
5 | root <root>              | 2014-11-21 13:14 | Install        |    1 >
4 | root <root>              | 2014-11-12 20:21 | Install        |    1
3 | root <root>              | 2014-11-12 19:25 | Install        |    1
2 | root <root>              | 2014-11-12 11:14 | Install        |    5
1 | System <unset>           | 2014-11-12 09:42 | Install        |  988
history list

检查本地yum状态

yum check

实例:

[root@LinuxHost dvd]# yum check
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
check all

检查需要很长时间。

至此程序包管理工具介绍完结！！！谢谢浏览！！！！