ThreadLocal用法和实现原理
2014-09-05 09:39
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如果你定义了一个单实例的java bean,它有若干属性,但是有一个属性不是线程安全的,比如说HashMap。并且碰巧你并不需要在不同的线程中共享这个属性,也就是说这个属性不存在跨线程的意义。那么你不要sychronize这么复杂的东西,ThreadLocal将是你不错的选择。
举例来说:
import java.util.HashMap;
public class TreadLocalTest {
static ThreadLocal<HashMap> map0 = new ThreadLocal<HashMap>(){
@Override
protected HashMap initialValue() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"initialValue");
return new HashMap();
}
};
public void run(){
Thread[] runs = new Thread[3];
for(int i=0;i<runs.length;i++){
runs[i]=new Thread(new T1(i));
}
for(int i=0;i<runs.length;i++){
runs[i].start();
}
}
public static class T1 implements Runnable{
int id;
public T1(int id0){
id = id0;
}
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":start");
HashMap map = map0.get();
for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
map.put(i, i+id*100);
try{
Thread.sleep(100);
}catch(Exception ex){
}
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+':'+map);
}
}
/**
* Main
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args){
TreadLocalTest test = new TreadLocalTest();
test.run();
}
}
输出解释;
Thread-1:start
Thread-2:start
Thread-0:start
Thread-2initialValue
Thread-1initialValue
Thread-0initialValue
Thread-1:{0=100, 1=101, 2=102, 3=103, 4=104, 5=105, 6=106, 7=107, 8=108, 9=109}
Thread-2:{0=200, 1=201, 2=202, 3=203, 4=204, 5=205, 6=206, 7=207, 8=208, 9=209}
Thread-0:{0=0, 1=1, 2=2, 3=3, 4=4, 5=5, 6=6, 7=7, 8=8, 9=9}
可以看到map0 虽然是个静态变量,但是initialValue被调用了三次,通过debug发现,initialValue是从map0.get处发起的。而且每个线程都有自己的map,虽然他们同时执行。
进入Theadlocal代码,可以发现如下的片段;
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null)
return (T)e.value;
}
return setInitialValue();
}
这说明ThreadLocal确实只有一个变量,但是它内部包含一个map,针对每个thread保留一个entry,如果对应的thread不存在则会调用initialValue。
具体用法:
例如,在下面的类中,私有静态 ThreadLocal 实例(serialNum)为调用该类的静态 SerialNum.get() 方法的每个线程维护了一个“序列号”,该方法将返回当前线程的序列号。(线程的序列号是在第一次调用 SerialNum.get() 时分配的,并在后续调用中不会更改。)
public class SerialNum {
// The next serial number to be assigned
private static int nextSerialNum = 0;
private static ThreadLocal serialNum = new ThreadLocal() {
protected synchronized Object initialValue() {
return new Integer(nextSerialNum++);
}
};
public static int get() {
return ((Integer) (serialNum.get())).intValue();
}
}
【例】
public class ThreadContext {
private String userId;
private Long transactionId;
private static ThreadLocal threadLocal = new ThreadLocal(){
@Override
protected ThreadContext initialValue() {
return new ThreadContext();
}
};
public static ThreadContext get() {
return threadLocal.get();
}
public String getUserId() {
return userId;
}
public void setUserId(String userId) {
this.userId = userId;
}
public Long getTransactionId() {
return transactionId;
}
public void setTransactionId(Long transactionId) {
this.transactionId = transactionId;
}
}
【例】例如Hibernate的工具类:
public class HibernateUtil {
private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(HibernateUtil.class);
private static final SessionFactory sessionFactory; //定义SessionFactory
static {
try {
// 通过默认配置文件hibernate.cfg.xml创建SessionFactory
sessionFactory = new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
} catch (Throwable ex) {
log.error("初始化SessionFactory失败!", ex);
throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
}
}
//创建线程局部变量session,用来保存Hibernate的Session
public static final ThreadLocal session = new ThreadLocal();
/**
* 获取当前线程中的Session
* @return Session
* @throws HibernateException
*/
public static Session currentSession() throws HibernateException
{
Session s = (Session) session.get();
// 如果Session还没有打开,则新开一个Session
if (s == null) {
s = sessionFactory.openSession();
session.set(s); //将新开的Session保存到线程局部变量中
}
return s;
}
public static void closeSession() throws HibernateException
{
//获取线程局部变量,并强制转换为Session类型
Session s = (Session) session.get();
session.set(null);
if (s != null)
s.close();
}
}
还有一种用法是在线程类内部创建ThreadLocal,基本步骤如下:
1、在多线程的类(如ThreadDemo类)中,创建一个ThreadLocal对象threadXxx,用来保存线程间需要隔离处理的对象xxx。
2、在ThreadDemo类中,创建一个获取要隔离访问的数据的方法getXxx(),在方法中判断,若ThreadLocal对象为null时候,应该new()一个隔离访问类型的对象,并强制转换为要应用的类型。
3、在ThreadDemo类的run()方法中,通过调用getXxx()方法获取要操作的数据,这样可以保证每个线程对应一个数据对象,在任何时刻都操作的是这个对象。
public class ThreadLocalTest implements Runnable{
ThreadLocal<Studen> studenThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Studen>();
@Override
public void run() {
String currentThreadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
System.out.println(currentThreadName + " is running...");
Random random = new Random();
int age = random.nextInt(100);
System.out.println(currentThreadName + " is set age: " + age);
Studen studen = getStudent(); //通过这个方法,为每个线程都独立的new一个student对象,每个线程的的student对象都可以设置不同的值
studen.setAge(age);
System.out.println(currentThreadName + " is first get age: " + studen.getAge());
try {
Thread.sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println( currentThreadName + " is second get age: " + studen.getAge());
}
private Studen getStudent() {
Studen studen = studenThreadLocal.get();
if (null == studen) {
studen = new Studen();
studenThreadLocal.set(studen);
}
return studen;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ThreadLocalTest t = new ThreadLocalTest();
Thread t1 = new Thread(t,"Thread A");
Thread t2 = new Thread(t,"Thread B");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
class Studen{
int age;
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}
举例来说:
import java.util.HashMap;
public class TreadLocalTest {
static ThreadLocal<HashMap> map0 = new ThreadLocal<HashMap>(){
@Override
protected HashMap initialValue() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"initialValue");
return new HashMap();
}
};
public void run(){
Thread[] runs = new Thread[3];
for(int i=0;i<runs.length;i++){
runs[i]=new Thread(new T1(i));
}
for(int i=0;i<runs.length;i++){
runs[i].start();
}
}
public static class T1 implements Runnable{
int id;
public T1(int id0){
id = id0;
}
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+":start");
HashMap map = map0.get();
for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
map.put(i, i+id*100);
try{
Thread.sleep(100);
}catch(Exception ex){
}
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+':'+map);
}
}
/**
* Main
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args){
TreadLocalTest test = new TreadLocalTest();
test.run();
}
}
输出解释;
Thread-1:start
Thread-2:start
Thread-0:start
Thread-2initialValue
Thread-1initialValue
Thread-0initialValue
Thread-1:{0=100, 1=101, 2=102, 3=103, 4=104, 5=105, 6=106, 7=107, 8=108, 9=109}
Thread-2:{0=200, 1=201, 2=202, 3=203, 4=204, 5=205, 6=206, 7=207, 8=208, 9=209}
Thread-0:{0=0, 1=1, 2=2, 3=3, 4=4, 5=5, 6=6, 7=7, 8=8, 9=9}
可以看到map0 虽然是个静态变量,但是initialValue被调用了三次,通过debug发现,initialValue是从map0.get处发起的。而且每个线程都有自己的map,虽然他们同时执行。
进入Theadlocal代码,可以发现如下的片段;
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null)
return (T)e.value;
}
return setInitialValue();
}
这说明ThreadLocal确实只有一个变量,但是它内部包含一个map,针对每个thread保留一个entry,如果对应的thread不存在则会调用initialValue。
具体用法:
用法一:在关联数据类中创建private static ThreadLocal
ThreaLocal的JDK文档中说明:ThreadLocal instances are typically private static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread。如果我们希望通过某个类将状态(例如用户ID、事务ID)与线程关联起来,那么通常在这个类中定义private static类型的ThreadLocal 实例。例如,在下面的类中,私有静态 ThreadLocal 实例(serialNum)为调用该类的静态 SerialNum.get() 方法的每个线程维护了一个“序列号”,该方法将返回当前线程的序列号。(线程的序列号是在第一次调用 SerialNum.get() 时分配的,并在后续调用中不会更改。)
public class SerialNum {
// The next serial number to be assigned
private static int nextSerialNum = 0;
private static ThreadLocal serialNum = new ThreadLocal() {
protected synchronized Object initialValue() {
return new Integer(nextSerialNum++);
}
};
public static int get() {
return ((Integer) (serialNum.get())).intValue();
}
}
【例】
public class ThreadContext {
private String userId;
private Long transactionId;
private static ThreadLocal threadLocal = new ThreadLocal(){
@Override
protected ThreadContext initialValue() {
return new ThreadContext();
}
};
public static ThreadContext get() {
return threadLocal.get();
}
public String getUserId() {
return userId;
}
public void setUserId(String userId) {
this.userId = userId;
}
public Long getTransactionId() {
return transactionId;
}
public void setTransactionId(Long transactionId) {
this.transactionId = transactionId;
}
}
用法二:在Util类中创建ThreadLocal
这是上面用法的扩展,即把ThreadLocal的创建放到工具类中。【例】例如Hibernate的工具类:
public class HibernateUtil {
private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(HibernateUtil.class);
private static final SessionFactory sessionFactory; //定义SessionFactory
static {
try {
// 通过默认配置文件hibernate.cfg.xml创建SessionFactory
sessionFactory = new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
} catch (Throwable ex) {
log.error("初始化SessionFactory失败!", ex);
throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
}
}
//创建线程局部变量session,用来保存Hibernate的Session
public static final ThreadLocal session = new ThreadLocal();
/**
* 获取当前线程中的Session
* @return Session
* @throws HibernateException
*/
public static Session currentSession() throws HibernateException
{
Session s = (Session) session.get();
// 如果Session还没有打开,则新开一个Session
if (s == null) {
s = sessionFactory.openSession();
session.set(s); //将新开的Session保存到线程局部变量中
}
return s;
}
public static void closeSession() throws HibernateException
{
//获取线程局部变量,并强制转换为Session类型
Session s = (Session) session.get();
session.set(null);
if (s != null)
s.close();
}
}
用法三:在Runnable中创建ThreadLocal
还有一种用法是在线程类内部创建ThreadLocal,基本步骤如下:1、在多线程的类(如ThreadDemo类)中,创建一个ThreadLocal对象threadXxx,用来保存线程间需要隔离处理的对象xxx。
2、在ThreadDemo类中,创建一个获取要隔离访问的数据的方法getXxx(),在方法中判断,若ThreadLocal对象为null时候,应该new()一个隔离访问类型的对象,并强制转换为要应用的类型。
3、在ThreadDemo类的run()方法中,通过调用getXxx()方法获取要操作的数据,这样可以保证每个线程对应一个数据对象,在任何时刻都操作的是这个对象。
public class ThreadLocalTest implements Runnable{
ThreadLocal<Studen> studenThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Studen>();
@Override
public void run() {
String currentThreadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
System.out.println(currentThreadName + " is running...");
Random random = new Random();
int age = random.nextInt(100);
System.out.println(currentThreadName + " is set age: " + age);
Studen studen = getStudent(); //通过这个方法,为每个线程都独立的new一个student对象,每个线程的的student对象都可以设置不同的值
studen.setAge(age);
System.out.println(currentThreadName + " is first get age: " + studen.getAge());
try {
Thread.sleep(500);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println( currentThreadName + " is second get age: " + studen.getAge());
}
private Studen getStudent() {
Studen studen = studenThreadLocal.get();
if (null == studen) {
studen = new Studen();
studenThreadLocal.set(studen);
}
return studen;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ThreadLocalTest t = new ThreadLocalTest();
Thread t1 = new Thread(t,"Thread A");
Thread t2 = new Thread(t,"Thread B");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
class Studen{
int age;
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}
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