Filesystem Hierarchy Standard(FHS)
2014-04-25 20:49
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原文转载至:en.wikipedia.org/wiki//etc/X11
感谢维基百科!!!
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/etc/X11)
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines the
directory structure and directory contents in
Unix and
Unix-like
operating systems, maintained by the
Linux Foundation. The current version is 2.3, announced on 29 January 2004.[1]
directories appear under the
root directory "/", even if they are stored on different physical or virtual devices. Note however that some of these directories may or may not be present on a Unix system depending on whether certain subsystems, such as the
X Window System, are installed.
The majority of these directories exist in all UNIX operating systems and are generally used in much the same way; however, the descriptions here are those used specifically for the FHS, and are not considered authoritative for platforms other than Linux.
Linux distributions follow the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard and declare it their own policy to maintain FHS compliance.[9][10][11][12]
Some distributions that generally follow the standard deviate from it in some areas. Common deviations include:
Modern Linux distributions include a
virtual filesystem (sysfs, comparable to
procfs), which stores and allows modification of the devices connected to the system, whereas many traditional UNIX and Unix-like operating systems use
symbolic link to the
kernel source tree.[citation
needed]
Modern Linux distributions include a
temporary filesystem (tmpfs) which stores volatile runtime data, and which is being considered for the next version of the FHS.[13]
According to the FHS version 2.3, this data should be stored in
other advantages, this makes the system easier to use normally with the root filesystem mounted read-only.
This is a detailed example from
Debian:[15]
Many modern
UNIX systems (like
FreeBSD via its
ports system) install third party packages into
Some Linux distributions no longer differentiate between
Some Linux distributions no longer differentiate between
感谢维基百科!!!
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Redirected from
/etc/X11)
Developed by | Linux Foundation |
---|---|
Initial release | 14 February 1994; 20 years ago |
Latest release | 2.3 / 29 January 2004; 10 years ago |
Website | Official website Official website (Historical) |
directory structure and directory contents in
Unix and
Unix-like
operating systems, maintained by the
Linux Foundation. The current version is 2.3, announced on 29 January 2004.[1]
Directory structure
In the FHS all files anddirectories appear under the
root directory "/", even if they are stored on different physical or virtual devices. Note however that some of these directories may or may not be present on a Unix system depending on whether certain subsystems, such as the
X Window System, are installed.
The majority of these directories exist in all UNIX operating systems and are generally used in much the same way; however, the descriptions here are those used specifically for the FHS, and are not considered authoritative for platforms other than Linux.
Directory | Description |
---|---|
/ | Primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system hierarchy. |
/bin | Essential command binaries that need to be available in single user mode; for all users, e.g., cat, ls, cp. |
/boot | Boot loader files, e.g., kernels, initrd. |
/dev | Essential devices, e.g., /dev/null. |
/etc | Host-specific system-wide configuration files There has been controversy over the meaning of the name itself. In early versions of the UNIX Implementation Document from Bell labs, /etc is referred to as the etcetera directory,[2] as this directory historically held everything that did not belong elsewhere (however, the FHS restricts /etc to static configuration files and may not contain binaries).[3] Since the publication of early documentation, the directory name has been re-designated in various ways. Recent interpretations include backronyms such as "Editable Text Configuration" or "Extended Tool Chest".[4] |
/etc/opt | Configuration files for add-on packages that are stored in /opt/. |
/etc/sgml | Configuration files, such as catalogs, for software that processes SGML. |
/etc/X11 | Configuration files for the X Window System, version 11. |
/etc/xml | Configuration files, such as catalogs, for software that processes XML. |
/home | Users' home directories, containing saved files, personal settings, etc. |
/lib | Libraries essential for the binaries in /bin/and /sbin/. |
/lib<qual> | Alternate format essential libraries. Such directories are optional, but if they exist, they have some requirements. |
/media | Mount points for removable media such as CD-ROMs (appeared in FHS-2.3). |
/mnt | Temporarily mounted filesystems. |
/opt | Optional application software packages.[5] |
/proc | Virtual filesystem providing information about processes and kernel information as files. In Linux, corresponds to a procfs mount. |
/root | Home directory for the root user. |
/run | Information about the running system since last boot, e.g., currently logged-in users and running daemons. |
/sbin | Essential system binaries, e.g., init, ip, mount. |
/srv | Site-specific data which are served by the system. |
/tmp | Temporary files (see also /var/tmp). Often not preserved between system reboots. |
/usr | Secondary hierarchy for read-only user data; contains the majority of (multi-)user utilities and applications.[6] |
/usr/bin | Non-essential command binaries (not needed in single user mode); for all users. |
/usr/include | Standard include files. |
/usr/lib | Libraries for the binaries in /usr/bin/and /usr/sbin/. |
/usr/lib<qual> | Alternate format libraries (optional). |
/usr/local | Tertiary hierarchy for local data, specific to this host. Typically has further subdirectories, e.g., bin/, lib/, share/.[7] |
/usr/sbin | Non-essential system binaries, e.g., daemons for various network-services. |
/usr/share | Architecture-independent (shared) data. |
/usr/src | Source code, e.g., the kernel source code with its header files. |
/usr/X11R6 | X Window System, Version 11, Release 6. |
/var | Variable files—files whose content is expected to continually change during normal operation of the system—such as logs, spool files, and temporary e-mail files. |
/var/cache | Application cache data. Such data are locally generated as a result of time-consuming I/O or calculation. The application must be able to regenerate or restore the data. The cached files can be deleted without loss of data. |
/var/lib | State information. Persistent data modified by programs as they run, e.g., databases, packaging system metadata, etc. |
/var/lock | Lock files. Files keeping track of resources currently in use. |
/var/log | Log files. Various logs. |
/var/mail | Users' mailboxes. |
/var/opt | Variable data from add-on packages that are stored in /opt/. |
/var/run | Information about the running system since last boot, e.g., currently logged-in users and running daemons. |
/var/spool | Spool for tasks waiting to be processed, e.g., print queues and outgoing mail queue. |
/var/spool/mail | Deprecated location for users' mailboxes.[8] |
/var/tmp | Temporary files to be preserved between reboots. |
FHS compliance
MostLinux distributions follow the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard and declare it their own policy to maintain FHS compliance.[9][10][11][12]
Some distributions that generally follow the standard deviate from it in some areas. Common deviations include:
Modern Linux distributions include a
/sysdirectory as a
virtual filesystem (sysfs, comparable to
/proc, which is a
procfs), which stores and allows modification of the devices connected to the system, whereas many traditional UNIX and Unix-like operating systems use
/sysas a
symbolic link to the
kernel source tree.[citation
needed]
Modern Linux distributions include a
/rundirectory as a
temporary filesystem (tmpfs) which stores volatile runtime data, and which is being considered for the next version of the FHS.[13]
According to the FHS version 2.3, this data should be stored in
/var/runbut this was a problem in some cases because this directory isn't always available at early boot. As a result, these programs have had to resort to such trickery as using
/dev/.udev,
/dev/.mdadm,
/dev/.systemdor
/dev/.mountdirectories, even though the device directory isn't intended for such data.[14] Among
other advantages, this makes the system easier to use normally with the root filesystem mounted read-only.
This is a detailed example from
Debian:[15]
/dev/.*→
/run/*
/dev/shm→
/run/shm
/dev/shm/*→
/run/*
/etc/*(writeable files) →
/run/*
/lib/init/rw→
/run
/var/lock→
/run/lock
/var/run→
/run
/tmp→
/run/tmp
Many modern
UNIX systems (like
FreeBSD via its
ports system) install third party packages into
/usr/localwhile keeping locally developed code in
/usr.
Some Linux distributions no longer differentiate between
/libversus
/usr/liband have
/libsymlinked to
/usr/lib.
Some Linux distributions no longer differentiate between
/binversus
/usr/binand
/sbinversus
/usr/sbin. They symlink
/binto
/usr/binand
/sbinto
/usr/sbin. And
/usr/sbinmay get symlinked to
/usr/bin.
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