字符设备驱动框架学习总结

0：字符驱动框架图

1：数据结构

1：struct cdev

struct cdev {
	struct kobject kobj;
	struct module *owner;
	const struct file_operations *ops;
	struct list_head list;
	dev_t dev;
	unsigned int count;
};

dev_t dev：设备号，32位。高12位为主设备号，地20位为次设备号。

使用下面宏获取主次设备号：

MAJOR(dev_t dev)

MINOR(dev_t dev)

由主次设备号生成设备号：

MKDEV(int major,int minor)

2：struct file_operations

struct file_operations {
	struct module *owner;
	loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
	ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*aio_read) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t);
	ssize_t (*aio_write) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t);
	int (*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t);
	unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
	long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
	long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
	int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
	int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
	int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*fsync) (struct file *, int datasync);
	int (*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int datasync);
	int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
	int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
	ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
	unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
	int (*check_flags)(int);
	int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
	ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
	ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
	int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **);
	long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
			  loff_t len);
};

3：struct file

struct file {
	/*
	 * fu_list becomes invalid after file_free is called and queued via
	 * fu_rcuhead for RCU freeing
	 */
	union {
		struct list_head	fu_list;
		struct rcu_head 	fu_rcuhead;
	} f_u;
	struct path		f_path;
#define f_dentry	f_path.dentry
#define f_vfsmnt	f_path.mnt
	const struct file_operations	*f_op;
	spinlock_t		f_lock;  /* f_ep_links, f_flags, no IRQ */
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
	int			f_sb_list_cpu;
#endif
	atomic_long_t		f_count;
	unsigned int 		f_flags;
	fmode_t			f_mode;
	loff_t			f_pos;
	struct fown_struct	f_owner;
	const struct cred	*f_cred;
	struct file_ra_state	f_ra;

	u64			f_version;
#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
	void			*f_security;
#endif
	/* needed for tty driver, and maybe others */
	void			*private_data;

#ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL
	/* Used by fs/eventpoll.c to link all the hooks to this file */
	struct list_head	f_ep_links;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL */
	struct address_space	*f_mapping;
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_WRITECOUNT
	unsigned long f_mnt_write_state;
#endif
};

4：struct inode

struct inode {
	/* RCU path lookup touches following: */
	umode_t			i_mode;
	uid_t			i_uid;
	gid_t			i_gid;
	const struct inode_operations	*i_op;
	struct super_block	*i_sb;

	spinlock_t		i_lock;	/* i_blocks, i_bytes, maybe i_size */
	unsigned int		i_flags;
	struct mutex		i_mutex;

	unsigned long		i_state;
	unsigned long		dirtied_when;	/* jiffies of first dirtying */

	struct hlist_node	i_hash;
	struct list_head	i_wb_list;	/* backing dev IO list */
	struct list_head	i_lru;		/* inode LRU list */
	struct list_head	i_sb_list;
	union {
		struct list_head	i_dentry;
		struct rcu_head		i_rcu;
	};
	unsigned long		i_ino;
	atomic_t		i_count;
	unsigned int		i_nlink;
	dev_t			i_rdev;//包含了真正的设备编号
	unsigned int		i_blkbits;
	u64			i_version;
	loff_t			i_size;
#ifdef __NEED_I_SIZE_ORDERED
	seqcount_t		i_size_seqcount;
#endif
	struct timespec		i_atime;
	struct timespec		i_mtime;
	struct timespec		i_ctime;
	blkcnt_t		i_blocks;
	unsigned short          i_bytes;
	struct rw_semaphore	i_alloc_sem;
	const struct file_operations	*i_fop;	/* former ->i_op->default_file_ops */
	struct file_lock	*i_flock;
	struct address_space	*i_mapping;
	struct address_space	i_data;
#ifdef CONFIG_QUOTA
	struct dquot		*i_dquot[MAXQUOTAS];
#endif
	struct list_head	i_devices;
	union {
		struct pipe_inode_info	*i_pipe;
		struct block_device	*i_bdev;
		struct cdev		*i_cdev; //该成员表示字符设备在内核的 内部结构。当inode指向一个字符设备文件时，该成员包含了指向struct cdev结构的指针，其中cdev结构是字符设备结构体。

5：特定设备相关的数据结构，保存驱动程序使用的信息

struct file：代表一个打开的文件描述符，它不是专门给驱动程序使用的，系统中每一个打开的文件在内核中都有一个关联的struct file。它由内核在open时创建，并传 递给在文件上操作的任何函数，直到最后关闭。
struct inode：索引节点。每个存储设备或存储设备的分区（存储设备是硬盘、软盘、U盘 ... ... ）被格式化为文件系统后，应该有两部份，一部份是inode，另一部份是 Block，Block是用来存储数据用的。而inode呢，就是用来存储这些数据的信息，这些信息包括文件大小、属主、归属的用户组、读写权限等。inode为每个文件进行信息索引，所以就有了inode的数值。操作系统根据指令，能通过inode值最快的找到相对应的文件。
做个比喻，比如一本书，存储设备或分区就相当于这本书，Block相当于书中的每一页，inode 就相当于这本书前面的目录，一本书有很多的内容，如果想查找某部份的内容，我们可以先查目录，通过目录能最快的找到我们想要看的内容。

一般情况下，cdev对象嵌入在特定设备结构中xxx_cdev。
使用文件私有数据：设备驱动可以支持多个设备，为了使驱动程序结构简单，我们通常把xxx_cdev地址则保存在struct file：void *private_data字段中，方便其它操作函数使用。
container_of(ptr, type, member)：第一个参数是结构体成员的指针，第二参数是整个结构体的类型，第三个参数是结构体成员的类型。

#define container_of(ptr, type, member) ({			\
	const typeof( ((type *)0)->member ) *__mptr = (ptr);	\
	(type *)( (char *)__mptr - offsetof(type,member) );})

2：重要函数接口

字符驱动框架提供的重要函数实现了驱动程序和内核的无缝连接。

int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count,

const char *name);

动态申请主设备号，第二个参数起始次设备号，第三个参数是此设备号数目，最后一个参数是设备名称，出现在/proc/devices中。

void unregister_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count)

注销主设备号

void cdev_init(struct cdev *, const struct file_operations *);

把设备操作集和字符设备关联

int cdev_add(struct cdev *, dev_t, unsigned);

设备号和字符设备绑定

void cdev_del(struct cdev *);

删除一个字符设备

3：字符驱动程序初始化流程

1：申请分配主设备号

2：为特定的设备相关的数据结构分配内存

3：把接口函数与字符设备程序的cdev抽象关联

4：把主设备号和驱动程序的cdev关联

5：在/dev和/sys下创建节点

6：初始化硬件