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23-Linux-软件包管理-YUM

2014-02-09 23:58 295 查看

由来

RPM软件包形式管理软件虽然方便, 但是需要手工解决软件包的依赖关系.

有时安装一个软件需要首先安装几十上百个其他软件, 手工解决则过于复杂.

YUM的出现就是为了解决这个问题的.

说明

YUM, Yellowdog Updater Modified.

是一个RPM的前端程序, 主要作用就是自动解决RPM的依赖关系.

特点

自动解决依赖关系

可以对RPM进行分组, 以组为单位进行批量安装操作

引入仓库的概念, 且支持多个仓库

配置简单

仓库

说明

repository, repo

仓库存放着大量的RPM软件包,

当使用YUM安装一个RPM包时, 会自动在仓库中查找依赖软件并安装.

仓库类型

本地的

通过 FILE协议方式访问

网络的

通过 HTTP、FTP、NFS协议方式访问

配置文件

位置: /etc/yum.repos.d

格式

[仓库名称]

name = 仓库的描述信息

baseurl = http://www.foo.org/yum/rpms
enabled = 0或1, 该仓库是否启用, 默认为1

gpgcheck = 0或1, 是否校验

注意

YUM配置文件必须以".repo"结尾

一个配置文件可以配置多个仓库

/etc/yum.repos.d 目录下可以存在多个配置文件

示例 : /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# pwd
/etc/yum.repos.d

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# ls -l
total 16
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1926 Jun 26  2012 CentOS-Base.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  637 Jun 26  2012 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  626 Jun 26  2012 CentOS-Media.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2593 Jun 26  2012 CentOS-Vault.repo

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# vim CentOS-Base.repo
# CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.
#
#

[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6

#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6

基本命令

yum install software-name 安装指定软件

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# yum install tigervnc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package tigervnc.i686 0:1.1.0-8.el6_5 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package           Arch          Version                 Repository        Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 tigervnc          i686          1.1.0-8.el6_5           updates          266 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install       1 Package(s)

Total download size: 266 k
Installed size: 683 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.i686.rpm                          | 266 kB     00:06
warning: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Retrieving key from file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
Importing GPG key 0xC105B9DE:
 Userid : CentOS-6 Key (CentOS 6 Official Signing Key) <centos-6-key@centos.org>
 Package: centos-release-6-3.el6.centos.9.i686 (@anaconda-CentOS-201207051201.i386/6.3)
 From   : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Installing : tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.i686                                  1/1
  Verifying  : tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.i686                                  1/1

Installed:
  tigervnc.i686 0:1.1.0-8.el6_5

Complete!

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# rpm -qi tigervnc
Name        : tigervnc                     Relocations: (not relocatable)
Version     : 1.1.0                             Vendor: CentOS
Release     : 8.el6_5                       Build Date: Tue 04 Feb 2014 01:21:41 PM CST
Install Date: Sun 09 Feb 2014 10:16:27 PM CST      Build Host: c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org
Group       : User Interface/Desktops       Source RPM: tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.src.rpm
Size        : 699901                           License: GPLv2+
Signature   : RSA/SHA1, Tue 04 Feb 2014 01:35:59 PM CST, Key ID 0946fca2c105b9de
Packager    : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
URL         : http://www.tigervnc.com Summary     : A TigerVNC remote display system
Description :
Virtual Network Computing (VNC) is a remote display system which
allows you to view a computing 'desktop' environment not only on the
machine where it is running, but from anywhere on the Internet and
from a wide variety of machine architectures.  This package contains a
client which will allow you to connect to other desktops running a VNC
server.

yum remove software-name 卸载~

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# yum remove tigervnc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Setting up Remove Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package tigervnc.i686 0:1.1.0-8.el6_5 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package           Arch          Version                Repository         Size
================================================================================
Removing:
 tigervnc          i686          1.1.0-8.el6_5          @updates          683 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Remove        1 Package(s)

Installed size: 683 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Erasing    : tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.i686                                  1/1
  Verifying  : tigervnc-1.1.0-8.el6_5.i686                                  1/1

Removed:
  tigervnc.i686 0:1.1.0-8.el6_5

Complete!

yum update software-name 升级~

示例: 安装 gcc

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# yum install gcc.i686
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package gcc.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libgomp = 4.4.7-4.el6 for package: gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
--> Processing Dependency: cpp = 4.4.7-4.el6 for package: gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
--> Processing Dependency: libgcc >= 4.4.7-4.el6 for package: gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
--> Processing Dependency: glibc-devel >= 2.2.90-12 for package: gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
--> Processing Dependency: cloog-ppl >= 0.15 for package: gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
--> Running transaction check
---> Package cloog-ppl.i686 0:0.15.7-1.2.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libppl_c.so.2 for package: cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.i686
--> Processing Dependency: libppl.so.7 for package: cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.i686
---> Package cpp.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: libmpfr.so.1 for package: cpp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686
---> Package glibc-devel.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: glibc-headers = 2.12-1.132.el6 for package: glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686
--> Processing Dependency: glibc = 2.12-1.132.el6 for package: glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686
--> Processing Dependency: glibc-headers for package: glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686
---> Package libgcc.i686 0:4.4.6-4.el6 will be updated
---> Package libgcc.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6 will be an update
---> Package libgomp.i686 0:4.4.6-4.el6 will be updated
---> Package libgomp.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6 will be an update
--> Running transaction check
---> Package glibc.i686 0:2.12-1.80.el6 will be updated
--> Processing Dependency: glibc = 2.12-1.80.el6 for package: glibc-common-2.12-1.80.el6.i686
---> Package glibc.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6 will be an update
---> Package glibc-headers.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: kernel-headers >= 2.2.1 for package: glibc-headers-2.12-1.132.el6.i686
--> Processing Dependency: kernel-headers for package: glibc-headers-2.12-1.132.el6.i686
---> Package mpfr.i686 0:2.4.1-6.el6 will be installed
---> Package ppl.i686 0:0.10.2-11.el6 will be installed
--> Running transaction check
---> Package glibc-common.i686 0:2.12-1.80.el6 will be updated
---> Package glibc-common.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6 will be an update
---> Package kernel-headers.i686 0:2.6.32-431.3.1.el6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package              Arch       Version                    Repository     Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 gcc                  i686       4.4.7-4.el6                base          8.2 M
Installing for dependencies:
 cloog-ppl            i686       0.15.7-1.2.el6             base           93 k
 cpp                  i686       4.4.7-4.el6                base          3.4 M
 glibc-devel          i686       2.12-1.132.el6             base          978 k
 glibc-headers        i686       2.12-1.132.el6             base          616 k
 kernel-headers       i686       2.6.32-431.3.1.el6         updates       2.8 M
 mpfr                 i686       2.4.1-6.el6                base          153 k
 ppl                  i686       0.10.2-11.el6              base          1.3 M
Updating for dependencies:
 glibc                i686       2.12-1.132.el6             base          4.3 M
 glibc-common         i686       2.12-1.132.el6             base           14 M
 libgcc               i686       4.4.7-4.el6                base          112 k
 libgomp              i686       4.4.7-4.el6                base          121 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install       8 Package(s)
Upgrade       4 Package(s)

Total download size: 36 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/12): cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.i686.rpm                |  93 kB     00:00
(2/12): cpp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686.rpm                         | 3.4 MB     00:58
(3/12): gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686.rpm                         | 8.2 MB     02:20
(4/12): glibc-2.12-1.132.el6.i686.rpm                    | 4.3 MB     00:57
(5/12): glibc-common-2.12-1.132.el6.i686.rpm             |  14 MB     03:39
(6/12): glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686.rpm              | 978 kB     00:14
(7/12): glibc-headers-2.12-1.132.el6.i686.rpm            | 616 kB     00:07
(8/12): kernel-headers-2.6.32-431.3.1.el6.i686.rpm       | 2.8 MB     00:38
(9/12): libgcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686.rpm                      | 112 kB     00:01
(10/12): libgomp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686.rpm                    | 121 kB     00:01
(11/12): mpfr-2.4.1-6.el6.i686.rpm                       | 153 kB     00:01
(12/12): ppl-0.10.2-11.el6.i686.rpm                      | 1.3 MB     00:16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                            66 kB/s |  36 MB     09:20
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Installing : kernel-headers-2.6.32-431.3.1.el6.i686                      1/16
  Updating   : libgcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                     2/16
  Updating   : glibc-common-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                            3/16
  Updating   : glibc-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                                   4/16
  Installing : glibc-headers-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                           5/16
  Installing : glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                             6/16
  Installing : ppl-0.10.2-11.el6.i686                                      7/16
  Installing : cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.i686                               8/16
  Installing : mpfr-2.4.1-6.el6.i686                                       9/16
  Installing : cpp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                       10/16
  Updating   : libgomp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                   11/16
  Installing : gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                       12/16
  Cleanup    : libgomp-4.4.6-4.el6.i686                                   13/16
  Cleanup    : glibc-common-2.12-1.80.el6.i686                            14/16
  Cleanup    : glibc-2.12-1.80.el6.i686                                   15/16
  Cleanup    : libgcc-4.4.6-4.el6.i686                                    16/16
  Verifying  : glibc-devel-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                             1/16
  Verifying  : ppl-0.10.2-11.el6.i686                                      2/16
  Verifying  : kernel-headers-2.6.32-431.3.1.el6.i686                      3/16
  Verifying  : gcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                        4/16
  Verifying  : glibc-headers-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                           5/16
  Verifying  : libgcc-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                     6/16
  Verifying  : glibc-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                                   7/16
  Verifying  : mpfr-2.4.1-6.el6.i686                                       8/16
  Verifying  : libgomp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                    9/16
  Verifying  : glibc-common-2.12-1.132.el6.i686                           10/16
  Verifying  : cpp-4.4.7-4.el6.i686                                       11/16
  Verifying  : cloog-ppl-0.15.7-1.2.el6.i686                              12/16
  Verifying  : libgcc-4.4.6-4.el6.i686                                    13/16
  Verifying  : libgomp-4.4.6-4.el6.i686                                   14/16
  Verifying  : glibc-common-2.12-1.80.el6.i686                            15/16
  Verifying  : glibc-2.12-1.80.el6.i686                                   16/16

Installed:
  gcc.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6

Dependency Installed:
  cloog-ppl.i686 0:0.15.7-1.2.el6           cpp.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6
  glibc-devel.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6         glibc-headers.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6
  kernel-headers.i686 0:2.6.32-431.3.1.el6  mpfr.i686 0:2.4.1-6.el6
  ppl.i686 0:0.10.2-11.el6

Dependency Updated:
  glibc.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6         glibc-common.i686 0:2.12-1.132.el6
  libgcc.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6           libgomp.i686 0:4.4.7-4.el6

Complete!

YUM查询

yum search keyword : 搜索包含该关键字的rpm包

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# yum search gcc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
=============================== N/S Matched: gcc ===============================
compat-libgcc-296.i686 : Compatibility 2.96-RH libgcc library
gcc-c++.i686 : C++ support for GCC
gcc-gnat.i686 : Ada 95 support for GCC
gcc-java.i686 : Java support for GCC
gcc-objc.i686 : Objective-C support for GCC
gcc-objc++.i686 : Objective-C++ support for GCC
libgcc.i686 : GCC version 4.4 shared support library
compat-gcc-34.i686 : Compatibility GNU Compiler Collection
compat-gcc-34-c++.i686 : C++ support for compatibility compiler
compat-gcc-34-g77.i686 : Fortran 77 support for compatibility compiler
gcc.i686 : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
gcc-gfortran.i686 : Fortran support
libgcj.i686 : Java runtime library for gcc
libgcj-devel.i686 : Libraries for Java development using GCC
libgcj-src.i686 : Java library sources from GCC4 preview
libgomp.i686 : GCC OpenMP v3.0 shared support library
libmudflap.i686 : GCC mudflap shared support library
libmudflap-devel.i686 : GCC mudflap support

  Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.

yum list (all | installed | recent | updates)

列出所有的/已安装的/最近的/更新的

yum info packagename : 显示指定软件的信息

[root@wuqinfei yum.repos.d]# yum info gcc.i686
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
Available Packages
Name        : gcc
Arch        : i686
Version     : 4.4.7
Release     : 4.el6
Size        : 8.2 M
Repo        : base
Summary     : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
URL         : http://gcc.gnu.org License     : GPLv3+ and GPLv3+ with exceptions and GPLv2+ with exceptions
Description : The gcc package contains the GNU Compiler Collection version 4.4.
            : You'll need this package in order to compile C code.

yum whatprovides filename : 查询包含指定文件的rpm软件

创建yum仓库

1) 将所有rpm文件拷贝到仓库(某个目录)

2) 安装 createrepo 软件(通过rpm命令)

3) 运行 createrepo命令

作用: 创建repodata目录, 存放索引文件

createrepo -v /rpm-directory

4) 注: 如果有分组信息, 则在运行命令时使用 "-g" 来指定分组文件

createrepo -g /tmp/*comps.xml/rpm-directory

CentOS/RHEL的分组信息保存于光盘 repodata/目录下

文件名以 "comps.xml"结尾的xml文件

5) 使用

本地 : FILE协议

网路 : HTTP FTP NFS

示例

1) 查看 CentOS_6.3 光盘中的仓库Packages(所有rpm包)

2) 创建本地仓库目录"/wuqinfei-yum-repo", 并将 Packages中的rpm包考进来

3) 安装 createrepo软件

[root@wuqinfei ~]# yum search createrepo
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
=========================== N/S Matched: createrepo ============================
createrepo.noarch : Creates a common metadata repository

  Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
[root@wuqinfei ~]# yum install createrepo.noarch
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * extras: centos.ustc.edu.cn
 * updates: centos.ustc.edu.cn
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package createrepo.noarch 0:0.9.9-18.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: python-deltarpm for package: createrepo-0.9.9-18.el6.noarch
--> Running transaction check
---> Package python-deltarpm.i686 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: deltarpm = 3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 for package: python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686
--> Running transaction check
---> Package deltarpm.i686 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package              Arch        Version                       Repository
                                                                           Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 createrepo           noarch      0.9.9-18.el6                  base       94 k
Installing for dependencies:
 deltarpm             i686        3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6       base       73 k
 python-deltarpm      i686        3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6       base       27 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install       3 Package(s)

Total download size: 195 k
Installed size: 522 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/3): createrepo-0.9.9-18.el6.noarch.rpm                |  94 kB     00:00
(2/3): deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686.rpm         |  73 kB     00:00
(3/3): python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686.rpm  |  27 kB     00:00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                            97 kB/s | 195 kB     00:02
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
  Installing : deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686                        1/3
  Installing : python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686                 2/3
  Installing : createrepo-0.9.9-18.el6.noarch                               3/3
  Verifying  : createrepo-0.9.9-18.el6.noarch                               1/3
  Verifying  : python-deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686                 2/3
  Verifying  : deltarpm-3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6.i686                        3/3

Installed:
  createrepo.noarch 0:0.9.9-18.el6

Dependency Installed:
  deltarpm.i686 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6
  python-deltarpm.i686 0:3.5-0.5.20090913git.el6

Complete!

4) 创建索引文件 : createrepo /wuqinfei-yum-repo

5) 在 "/etc/yum.repos.d"目录下创建 "wuqinfei.repo"配置文件

[wuqinfei]

name = my repository

baseurl = file:///wuqinfei-yum-repo/

6) 清除缓存: yum clean all

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