suid&&sgid

When we execute a program file, the effective user ID of the process is usually the real user ID, and the effective group ID is usually the real group ID. But the capability exists to set a special flag in the file's mode word (st_mode) that says "when
this file is executed, set the effective user ID of the process to be the owner of the file (st_uid)." Similarly, another bit can be set in the file's mode word that causes the effective group ID to be the group owner of the file (st_gid). These two
bits in the file's mode word are called the set-user-ID bit and the set-group-ID bit.
For example, if the owner of the file is the superuser and if the file's set-user-ID bit is set, then while that program file is running as a process, it has superuser privileges. This happens regardless
of the real user ID of the process that executes the file. As an example, the UNIX System program that allows anyone to change his or her password, passwd(1), is a set-user-ID program. This is required so that the program can write the new password
to the password file, typically either /etc/passwd or /etc/shadow, files that should be writable only by the superuser. Because a process that is running set-user-ID to some other user usually assumes extra permissions, it must
be written carefully.