System Boot Sequence

The system BIOS is what starts the computer running when you turn it on. The following are the steps that a typical boot sequence involves. Of course this will vary by the manufacturer of your hardware, BIOS, etc., and especially by what peripherals you have in the PC. Here is what generally happens when you turn on your system power:
The internal power supply turns on and initializes. The power supply takes some time until it can generate reliable power for the rest of the computer, and having it turn on prematurely could potentially lead to damage. Therefore, the chipset will generate a reset signal to the processor (the same as if you held the reset button down for a while on your case) until it receives the Power Good signal from the power supply.

When the reset button is released, the processor will be ready to start executing. When the processor first starts up, it is suffering from amnesia; there is nothing at all in the memory to execute. Of course processor makers know this will happen, so they pre-program the processor to always look at the same place in the system BIOS ROM for the start of the BIOS boot program. This is normally location FFFF0h, right at the end of the system memory. They put it there so that the size of the ROM can be changed without creating compatibility problems. Since there are only 16 bytes left from there to the end of conventional memory, this location just contains a "jump" instruction telling the processor where to go to find the real BIOS startup program.

The BIOS performs the power-on self test (POST). If there are any fatal errors, the boot process stops. POST beep codes can be found in this area of the Troubleshooting Expert.

The BIOS looks for the video card. In particular, it looks for the video card's built in BIOS program and runs it. This BIOS is normally found at location C000h in memory. The system BIOS executes the video card BIOS, which initializes the video card. Most modern cards will display information on the screen about the video card. (This is why on a modern PC you usually see something on the screen about the video card before you see the messages from the system BIOS itself).

The BIOS then looks for other devices' ROMs to see if any of them have BIOSes. Normally, the IDE/ATA hard disk BIOS will be found at C8000h and executed. If any other device BIOSes are found, they are executed as well.

The BIOS displays its startup screen.

The BIOS does more tests on the system, including the memory count-up test which you see on the screen. The BIOS will generally display a text error message on the screen if it encounters an error at this point; these error messages and their explanations can be found in this part of the Troubleshooting Expert.

The BIOS performs a "system inventory" of sorts, doing more tests to determine what sort of hardware is in the system. Modern BIOSes have many automatic settings and will determine memory timing (for example) based on what kind of memory it finds. Many BIOSes can also dynamically set hard drive parameters and access modes, and will determine these at roughly this time. Some will display a message on the screen for each drive they detect and configure this way. The BIOS will also now search for and label logical devices (COM and LPT ports).

If the BIOS supports the Plug and Play standard, it will detect and configure Plug and Play devices at this time and display a message on the screen for each one it finds. See here for more details on how PnP detects devices and assigns resources.

The BIOS will display a summary screen about your system's configuration. Checking this page of data can be helpful in diagnosing setup problems, although it can be hard to see because sometimes it flashes on the screen very quickly before scrolling off the top.

The BIOS begins the search for a drive to boot from. Most modern BIOSes contain a setting that controls if the system should first try to boot from the floppy disk (A:) or first try the hard disk (C:). Some BIOSes will even let you boot from your CD-ROM drive or other devices, depending on the boot sequence BIOS setting.

Having identified its target boot drive, the BIOS looks for boot information to start the operating system boot process. If it is searching a hard disk, it looks for a master boot record at cylinder 0, head 0, sector 1 (the first sector on the disk); if it is searching a floppy disk, it looks at the same address on the floppy disk for a volume boot sector.

If it finds what it is looking for, the BIOS starts the process of booting the operating system, using the information in the boot sector. At this point, the code in the boot sector takes over from the BIOS. The DOS boot process is described in detail here. If the first device that the system tries (floppy, hard disk, etc.) is not found, the BIOS will then try the next device in the boot sequence, and continue until it finds a bootable device.

If no boot device at all can be found, the system will normally display an error message and then freeze up the system. What the error message is depends entirely on the BIOS, and can be anything from the rather clear "No boot device available" to the very cryptic "NO ROM BASIC - SYSTEM HALTED". This will also happen if you have a bootable hard disk partition but forget to set it active.

This process is called a "cold boot" (since the machine was off, or cold, when it started). A "warm boot" is the same thing except it occurs when the machine is rebooted using {Ctrl}+{Alt}+{Delete} or similar. In this case the POST is skipped and the boot process continues roughly at step 8 above.
BIOS 即basic input output system，
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在计算机的开机过程中伴有很重要的角色。它的启动顺序如下：

第一步： 当我们按下电源开关时，电源就开始向主板和其它设备供电，此时电压还不太稳定，主板上的控制芯片组会向CPU发出并保持一个RESET（重置）信号，让 CPU内部自动恢复到初始状态，但CPU在此刻不会马上执行指令。当芯片组检测到电源已经开始稳定供电了（当然从不稳定到稳定的过程只是一瞬间的事情）， 它便撤去RESET信号（如果是手工按下计算机面板上的Reset按钮来重启机器，那么松开该按钮时芯片组就会撤去RESET信号），CPU马上就从地址 FFFF0H处开始执行指令，从前面的介绍可知，这个地址实际上在系统BIOS的地址范围内，无论是Award BIOS还是AMI BIOS，放在这里的只是一条跳转指令，跳到系统BIOS中真正的启动代码处。

第二步： 系统BIOS的启动代码首先要做的事情就是进行POST（Power－On Self Test，加电后自检），POST的主要任务是检测系统中一些关键设备是否存在和能否正常工作，例如内存和显卡等设备。由于POST是最早进行的检测过 程，此时显卡还没有初始化，如果系统BIOS在进行POST的过程中发现了一些致命错误，例如没有找到内存或者内存有问题（此时只会检查640K常规内 存），那么系统BIOS就会直接控制喇叭发声来报告错误，声音的长短和次数代表了错误的类型。在正常情况下，POST过程进行得非常快，我们几乎无法感觉 到它的存在，POST结束之后就会调用其它代码来进行更完整的硬件检测。
第三步： 接下来系统BIOS将查找显卡的BIOS，前面说过，存放显卡BIOS的ROM芯片的起始地址通常设在C0000H处，系统BIOS在这个地方找到显卡 BIOS之后就调用它的初始化代码，由显卡BIOS来初始化显卡，此时多数显卡都会在屏幕上显示出一些初始化信息，介绍生产厂商、图形芯片类型等内容，不 过这个画面几乎是一闪而过。系统BIOS接着会查找其它设备的BIOS程序，找到之后同样要调用这些BIOS内部的初始化代码来初始化相关的设备。
第四步： 查找完所有其它设备的BIOS之后，系统BIOS将显示出它自己的启动画面，其中包括有系统BIOS的类型、序列号和版本号等内容。
第五步： 接着系统BIOS将检测和显示CPU的类型和工作频率，然后开始测试所有的RAM，并同时在屏幕上显示内存测试的进度，我们可以在CMOS设置中自行决定 使用简单耗时少或者详细耗时多的测试方式。
第六步： 内存测试通过之后，系统BIOS将开始检测系统中安装的一些标准硬件设备，包括硬盘、CD－ROM、串口、并口、软驱等设备，另外绝大多数较新版本的系统BIOS在这 一过程中还要自动检测和设置内存的定时参数、硬盘参数和访问模式等。
第七步： 标准设备检测完毕后，系统BIOS内部的支持即插即用的代码将开始检测和配置系统中安装的即插即用设备，每找到一个设备之后，系统BIOS都会在屏幕上显 示出设备的名称和型号等信息，同时为该设备分配中断、DMA通道和I/O端口等资源。
第八步： 到这一步为止，所有硬件都已经检测配置完毕了，多数系统BIOS会重新清屏并在屏幕上方显示出一个表格，其中概略地列出了系统中安装的各种标准硬件设备， 以及它们使用的资源和一些相关工作参数。
第九步： 接下来系统BIOS将更新ESCD（Extended System Configuration Data，扩展系统配置数据）。ESCD是系统BIOS用来与操作系统交换硬件配置信息的一种手段，这些数据被存放在CMOS（一小块特殊的RAM，由主 板上的电池来供电）之中。通常ESCD数据只在系统硬件配置发生改变后才会更新，所以不是每次启动机器时我们都能够看到“Update ESCD… Success”这样的信息，不过，某些主板的系统BIOS在保存ESCD数据时使用了与Windows 9x不相同的数据格式，于是Windows 9x在它自己的启动过程中会把ESCD数据修改成自己的格式，但在下一次启动机器时，即使硬件配置没有发生改变，系统BIOS也会把ESCD的数据格式改 回来，如此循环，将会导致在每次启动机器时，系统BIOS都要更新一遍ESCD，这就是为什么有些机器在每次启动时都会显示出相关信息的原因。
第十步： ESCD更新完毕后，系统BIOS的启动代码将进行它的最后一项工作，即根据用户指定的启动顺序从软盘、硬盘或光驱启动。以从C盘启动为例，系统BIOS 将读取并执行硬盘上的主引导记录，主引导记录接着从分区表中找到第一个活动分区，然后读取并执行这个活动分区的分区引导记录，而分区引导记录将负责读取并 执行IO.SYS，这是DOS和Windows 9x最基本的系统文件。Windows 9x的IO.SYS首先要初始化一些重要的系统数据，然后就显示出我们熟悉的蓝天白云，在这幅画面之下，Windows将继续进行DOS部分和GUI（图 形用户界面）部分的引导和初始化工作。