在Debian和Ubuntu系统上利用apt-file查询缺失软件包

在Debian和Ubuntu系统上利用apt-file查询缺失软件包
2007-03-02 18:59:35

分类： LINUX

在Debian和Ubuntu系统上利用apt-file查询缺失软件包

作者：Falko Timme <ft [at] falkotimme [dot] com>

本文主要描述了如何在Debian和Ubuntu系统上利用apt-file查询缺失的软件包。apt-file允许你查询一个文件名，该命令会返回包含该文件的可以安装的软件包的名字。

本文中阐述的方法我不保证对你有效。

1、初始情况

我想大家都可能有过这样的经历：从源代码编译软件包时，编译过程会因为某个你从没听过的文件的缺失而致使编译过程终止：

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1# make

make all-recursive

make[1]: Entering directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1'

Making all in src

make[2]: Entering directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1/src'

if gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DORBIT2=1 -pthread -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/include/cairo -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/libwnck-1.0 -I/usr/include/gconf/2
-I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -DDATADIR=\""/usr/local/share"\" -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/local/share/locale"\" -g -O2 -Wall -pedantic -std=c99 -fno-strict-aliasing -fmessage-length=0 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -MT main.o -MD -MP -MF ".deps/main.Tpo" -c -o main.o main.c;
\

then mv -f ".deps/main.Tpo" ".deps/main.Po"; else rm -f ".deps/main.Tpo"; exit 1; fi

main.c:21:21: error: gtk/gtk.h: No such file or directory

In file included from main.c:25:

awn-gconf.h:69: error: expected â)â before â*â token

In file included from main.c:26:

awn-bar.h:43: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âGtkWindowâ

awn-bar.h:45: warning: struct has no members

awn-bar.h:48: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âGtkWindowClassâ

awn-bar.h:49: warning: struct has no members

awn-bar.h:51: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â%3POST http://control.cublog.cn/article_insert.php 6#226; token

awn-bar.h:55: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before â*â token

awn-bar.h:57: error: expected â)â before â*â token

awn-bar.h:58: error: expected â)â before â*â token

In file included from main.c:27:

awn-window.h:43: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âGtkWindowâ

awn-window.h:45: warning: struct has no members

awn-window.h:48: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âGtkWindowClassâ

awn-window.h:49: warning: struct has no members

awn-window.h:55: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before â*â token

In file included from main.c:28:

awn-app.h:30:29: error: libwnck/libwnck.h: No such file or directory

In file included from main.c:28:

awn-app.h:60: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âWnckWindowâ

awn-app.h:80: warning: struct has no members

awn-app.h:83: error: expected â)â before â*â token

In file included from main.c:29:

awn-win-manager.h:35: error: expected â=â, â,â, â;â, âasmâ or â__attribute__â before â*â token

main.c:32: error: expected â)â before â*â token

main.c: In function âmainâ:

main.c:48: error: âGtkWidgetâ undeclared (first use in this function)

main.c:48: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once

main.c:48: error: for each function it appears in.)

main.c:48: error: âwinâ undeclared (first use in this function)

main.c:49: error: âbarâ undeclared (first use in this function)

main.c:50: error: âboxâ undeclared (first use in this function)

main.c:51: error: âwinmanâ undeclared (first use in this function)

main.c:52: error: âlabâ undeclared (first use in this function)

main.c:54: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_initâ

main.c:56: warning: implicit declaration of function âawn_bar_newâ

main.c:58: warning: implicit declaration of function âawn_window_newâ

main.c:59: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_window_set_policyâ

main.c:59: warning: implicit declaration of function âGTK_WINDOWâ

main.c:61: error: âexposeâ undeclared (first use in this function)

main.c:64: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_hbox_newâ

main.c:66: warning: implicit declaration of function âawn_win_mgr_newâ

main.c:68: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_box_pack_startâ

main.c:68: warning: implicit declaration of function âGTK_BOXâ

main.c:68: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_label_newâ

main.c:72: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_container_addâ

main.c:72: warning: implicit declaration of function âGTK_CONTAINERâ

main.c:74: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_widget_show_allâ

main.c:76: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_window_set_transient_forâ

main.c:79: warning: implicit declaration of function âgtk_mainâ

make[2]: *** [main.o] Error 1

make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1/src'

make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1

make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1'

make: *** [all] Error 2

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1#

那么你该如何知道是哪个软件包包含了该缺失文件呢？安装了该软件包后再重新进行编译。对于基于Debian的系统（例如Ubuntu）来说，就可以使用apt-file，apt-file通过查询文件来获得包含该文件的软件包。

2、安装apt-file

安装apt-file:

apt-get install apt-file

安装完成后，我们必须通过如下方式更新apt-file的软件包数据库：

apt-file update

注意：每次修改了/etc/apt/source.list后，都要更新该软件包数据库。

3、查询包

好，现在让我们来搜寻包含文件gtk/gtk.h的软件包。搜寻方式如下：

apt-file search gtk.h

但这样会返回很多的包，因此我们应该缩小搜索范围：

apt-file search gtk/gtk.h

输出如下：

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1# apt-file search gtk/gtk.h

libgfcui-dev: usr/include/gfc-2.0/gfc/gtk/gtk.hh

libgtk+2.0-directfb-dev: usr/include/directfb/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h

libgtk1.2-dev: usr/include/gtk-1.2/gtk/gtk.h

libgtk2.0-dev: usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h

libgtk2.0-doc: usr/share/doc/libgtk2.0-doc/gtk/gtk.html

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1#

你可以看到有三个软件包包含gtk/gtk.h(一个包含gtk/gtk.hh，另一个包含gtk/gtk.html，这两个软件包都不是我们想要的)，现在由我们决定该安装哪个软件包。如果你不确定，你可以安装所有三个软件包，或者一个一个安装，并且每安装一个就测试一下编译错误是否还会出现。在本例中，正确的软件包是libgtk2.0-dev，因此我们安装该软件包：

apt-get install libgtk2.0-dev

现在我们重新启动编译过程：

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1# make

make all-recursive

make[1]: Entering directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1'

Making all in src

make[2]: Entering directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1/src'

if gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -DORBIT2=1 -pthread -I/usr/include/glib-2.0 -I/usr/lib/glib-2.0/include -I/usr/include/gtk-2.0 -I/usr/lib/gtk-2.0/include -I/usr/include/atk-1.0 -I/usr/include/cairo -I/usr/include/pango-1.0 -I/usr/include/libwnck-1.0 -I/usr/include/gconf/2
-I/usr/include/orbit-2.0 -DDATADIR=\""/usr/local/share"\" -DGNOMELOCALEDIR=\""/usr/local/share/locale"\" -g -O2 -Wall -pedantic -std=c99 -fno-strict-aliasing -fmessage-length=0 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -MT main.o -MD -MP -MF ".deps/main.Tpo" -c -o main.o main.c;
\

then mv -f ".deps/main.Tpo" ".deps/main.Po"; else rm -f ".deps/main.Tpo"; exit 1; fi

In file included from /usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtk.h:170,

from main.c:21:

/usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtktextbuffer.h:52: warning: ISO C restricts enumerator values to range of âintâ

/usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtktextbuffer.h:53: warning: ISO C restricts enumerator values to range of âintâ

/usr/include/gtk-2.0/gtk/gtktextbuffer.h:55: warning: ISO C restricts enumerator values to range of âintâ

In file included from main.c:28:

awn-app.h:30:29: error: libwnck/libwnck.h: No such file or directory

In file included from main.c:28:

awn-app.h:60: error: expected specifier-qualifier-list before âWnckWindowâ

awn-app.h:80: warning: struct has no members

awn-app.h:83: error: expected â)â before â*â token

main.c: In function âmainâ:

main.c:52: warning: unused variable âlabâ

make[2]: *** [main.o] Error 1

make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1/src'

make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1

make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1'

make: *** [all] Error 2

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1#

正如你所看到的，最初的错误没有了，但是又有另一个文件缺失，libwnck/libwnck.h，因此我们再来搜索缺失的包：

apt-file search libwnck/libwnck.h

这一次我们很幸运，只有一个软件包包含该文件：

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1# apt-file search libwnck/libwnck.h

libwnck-dev: usr/include/libwnck-1.0/libwnck/libwnck.h

root@falko-desktop:~/avant-window-navigator-0.1.1#

因此我们安装该缺失的软件包：

apt-get install libwnck-dev

4、链接

Debian: http://www.debian.org
Ubuntu: http://www.ubuntu.com