使用mysqldump模拟生产环境实现mysql数据库的备份与还原
2013-05-08 12:01
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mysql数据库的备份与还原
一、mysqldump备份单个数据库及还原过程错误演示： 下面整个过程我们都已jiaowu库为模板，进行演示 [root@localhost ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg cmake-2.8.8 install.log linux-2.6.38.5.tar.bz2 mysql-5.5.28.tar.gz busybox-1.20.2 cmake-2.8.8.tar.gz install.log.syslog lvs-nat busybox-1.20.2.tar.bz2 config-2.6.38.5-i686.cfg jiaowu.sql mysql-5.5.28 [root@localhost ~]# mysql < jiaowu.sql #读取sql脚本，并创建jiaowu库 [root@localhost ~]# rm jiaowu.sql rm: remove regular file `jiaowu.sql'? y #删除jiaowu.sql [root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p jiaowu > /root/jiaowu.sql #将jiaowu库备份为jiaowu.sql Enter password: [root@localhost ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg cmake-2.8.8 install.log linux-2.6.38.5.tar.bz2 mysql-5.5.28.tar.gz busybox-1.20.2 cmake-2.8.8.tar.gz install.log.syslog lvs-nat busybox-1.20.2.tar.bz2 config-2.6.38.5-i686.cfg jiaowu.sql mysql-5.5.28 [root@localhost ~]# mysql Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 5 Server version: 5.5.28-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | jiaowu | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> drop database jiaowu; #删除jiaowu库 Query OK, 4 rows affected (1.11 sec) mysql> create database studb; #创建一个库，用于jiaowu库的还原 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec) mysql> \q Bye [root@localhost ~]# mysql studb < jiaowu.sql [root@localhost ~]# mysql Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 7 Server version: 5.5.28-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | studb | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注意：上述过程看似正确，实则不然，真正的生产环境中，会面临读写操作的同时进行，所以用上述过程备份的数据库还原时，会造成时间点上的不一致，并且用户的在备份过程中的写操作并没还原至数据库中，又造成了数据的不完整性，下面我们来模拟生产环境正确演示一遍完整过程！
二、mysqldump+二进制日志备份整个mysql数据库以及及时点还原的过程（温备）
备份策略：
备份策略：每周完全备份+每日增量备份 完全备份：mysqldump 增量备份：备份二进制日志文件（每次备份前：flush logs）
1、完全备份
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p --lock-all-tables --flush-logs --all-databases --master-data=2 > /root/alldatabases.sql Enter password: [root@localhost ~]# ls alldatabases.sql busybox-1.20.2.tar.bz2 config-2.6.38.5-i686.cfg jiaowu.sql mysql-5.5.28 anaconda-ks.cfg cmake-2.8.8 install.log linux-2.6.38.5.tar.bz2 mysql-5.5.28.tar.gz busybox-1.20.2 cmake-2.8.8.tar.gz install.log.syslog lvs-nat [root@localhost ~]# vim alldatabases.sql 这只是一部分，说明一下： -- Position to start replication or point-in-time recovery from -- -- CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000005', MASTER_LOG_POS=107; #这就是记录当前二进制日志文件的位置 -- -- Current Database: `mysql` -- CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `mysql` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET latin1 */; #做完全备份时，还能够自动创建数据库 USE `mysql`; -- -- Table structure for table `general_log`
选项说明：
--master-data={0|1|2}
0: 表示不记录二进制日志文件及其位置
1：以CHANGER MASTER TO 的方式记录位置，可用于恢复后直接启动从服务器
2：以CHANGER MASTER TO 的方式记录位置，但默认为被注释
--lock-all-tables: 锁定所有表
--flush-logs: 滚动日志
如果指定库中的表类型均为InnoDB，可使用--single-transaction启动热备，这个选项不要和--lock-all-tables一起使用
mysqldump是将整个表中的数据备份为了批量插入的insert语句，但是还原时，他不能创建数据库，必须手动创建数据库，然后再将数据还原至此数据库2、模拟生产环境，执行写操作（第一天的增量）
[root@localhost ~]# mysql Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 3 Server version: 5.5.28-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> purge binary logs to 'mysql-bin.000005'; #刚才完全备份时，二进制日志也备份了，我们把之前的删除，但是在生产环境中，不建议就这样删除。先复制一份，说不定有救急作用 Query OK, 0 rows affected (1.40 sec) mysql> show binary logs; #查看当前数据库上的二进制日志文件 +------------------+-----------+ | Log_name | File_size | +------------------+-----------+ | mysql-bin.000005 | 107 | +------------------+-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> use studb; Database changed mysql> select * from tutors; +-----+--------------+--------+------+ | TID | Tname | Gender | Age | +-----+--------------+--------+------+ | 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 | | 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 | | 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 | | 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 | | 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 | | 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 | | 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 | | 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 | | 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 | +-----+--------------+--------+------+ 9 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> delete from tutors where age>80; #删除几行 Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> select * from tutors; +-----+--------------+--------+------+ | TID | Tname | Gender | Age | +-----+--------------+--------+------+ | 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 | | 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 | | 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 | | 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 | | 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 | | 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 | | 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 | +-----+--------------+--------+------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> \q Bye
3、增量备份
[root@localhost ~]# mysql Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 4 Server version: 5.5.28-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> flush logs; #必须执行日志滚动 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> \q Bye [root@localhost ~]# cd /mydata/data #mysql-bin.000005就是我们第一天的数据增量 [root@localhost data]# ls ibdata1 ib_logfile1 localhost.localdomain.pid mysql-bin.000005 mysql-bin.index studb ib_logfile0 localhost.localdomain.err mysql mysql-bin.000006 performance_schema test [root@localhost data]# mysqlbinlog mysql-bin.000005 > /root/mon-indremental.sql #将数据读取出来，并保存
4、模拟生产环境，mysql数据库坏了的场景
连上数据库，插入一条新数据
[root@localhost data]# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.5.28-log Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> use studb;
Database changed
mysql> insert into tutors (tname) values ('stu123');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> \q
Bye
[root@localhost data]# ls
ibdata1 ib_logfile1 localhost.localdomain.pid mysql-bin.000005 mysql-bin.index studb
ib_logfile0 localhost.localdomain.err mysql mysql-bin.000006 performance_schema test
[root@localhost data]# cp mysql-bin.000006 /root #把二进制日志复制出来，因为我们要用它做及时点还原
这是我们把数据库的所有数据都删除，数据库已坏
[root@localhost data]# rm -rf ./*
服务停止不了，我们杀死进程
[root@localhost data]# service mysqld stop
MySQL server PID file could not be found! [FAILED]
[root@localhost data]# killall mysqld
这是我们千万不要试图启动mysql，先初始化数据库
[root@localhost data]# cd /usr/local/mysql/
[root@localhost mysql]# ls
bin COPYING data docs include INSTALL-BINARY lib man mysql-test README scripts share sql-bench support-files
[root@localhost mysql]# scripts
scripts
[root@localhost mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/mydata/data
初始化完成以后再启动mysql
[root@localhost mysql]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL..... [ OK ]
[root@localhost mysql]# cd5、数据还原
完全备份还原 [root@localhost ~]# mysql < alldatabases.sql [root@localhost ~]# mysql Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.5.28-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> use studb; Database changed mysql> select * from tutors; #此时大于80的连个用户都在 +-----+--------------+--------+------+ | TID | Tname | Gender | Age | +-----+--------------+--------+------+ | 1 | HongQigong | M | 93 | | 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 | | 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 | | 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 | | 5 | YiDeng | M | 90 | | 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 | | 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 | | 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 | | 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 | +-----+--------------+--------+------+ 9 rows in set (0.00 sec) 增量备份还原 [root@localhost ~]# mysql < mon-indremental.sql [root@localhost ~]# mysql Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 4 Server version: 5.5.28-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> use studb; Database changed mysql> select * from tutors; #此时大于80的两个用户已没有了 +-----+--------------+--------+------+ | TID | Tname | Gender | Age | +-----+--------------+--------+------+ | 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 | | 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 | | 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 | | 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 | | 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 | | 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 | | 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 | +-----+--------------+--------+------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec) 及时点还原 [root@localhost ~]# mysqlbinlog mysql-bin.000006 > temp.sql [root@localhost ~]# mysql < temp.sql [root@localhost ~]# mysql Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 6 Server version: 5.5.28-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> use studb; Database changed mysql> select * from tutors; #插入的数据也存在了 +-----+--------------+--------+------+ | TID | Tname | Gender | Age | +-----+--------------+--------+------+ | 2 | HuangYaoshi | M | 63 | | 3 | Miejueshitai | F | 72 | | 4 | OuYangfeng | M | 76 | | 6 | YuCanghai | M | 56 | | 7 | Jinlunfawang | M | 67 | | 8 | HuYidao | M | 42 | | 9 | NingZhongze | F | 49 | | 10 | stu123 | M | NULL | +-----+--------------+--------+------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这时我们的mysql数据库已还原至我们损坏时的那一刻了，大家都来试试吧，但是使mysqldump来实现mysql的备份与还原，只能应用于那些读写量不大的小企业，因为备份过程太慢了，会造成精度的丢失！
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