我使用过的Linux命令之dot - 绘制DOT语言脚本描述的图形

我使用过的Linux命令之dot - 绘制DOT语言脚本描述的图形

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用途说明

Graphviz （Graph Visualization Software的缩写）是一个由AT&T实验室启动的开源工具包，用于绘制DOT语言脚本描述的图形。它也提供了供其它软件使用的库。Graphviz是一个自由软件，其授权为Common Public License。其Mac版本曾经获得2004年的苹果设计奖。Graphviz包括很多命令行工具，dot命令是一个用来将生成的图形转换成多种输出格式的命令行工具，其输出格式包括PostScript，PDF，SVG，PNG，含注解的文本等等。neato命令用于spring
model的生成（在Mac OS版本中称为energy minimized）。twopi命令用于放射状图形的生成。circo命令用于圆形图形的生成。fdp命令另一个用于生成无向图的工具。dotty命令一个用于可视化与修改图形的图形用户界面程序。lefty命令是一个可编程的(使用一种被EZ影响的语言[4])控件，它可以显示DOT图形，并允许用户用鼠标在图上执行操作。Lefty可以作为MVC模型的使用图形的GUI程序中的视图部分。 DOT语言是一种文本图形描述语言。它提供了一种简单的描述图形的方法，并且可以为人类和计算机程序所理解。DOT语言文件通常是具有.gv或是.dot的文件扩展名。本文将主要介绍从源代码安装Graphviz工具以及dot命令的使用方式。

常用参数

格式：dot -T<type> -o<outfile> <infile.dot>

输入文件是<infile.dot>，生成的格式由<type>指定，生成的文件是<outfile>。

其中-T<type>包括：

-Tps (PostScript),

-Tsvg -Tsvgz (Structured Vector Graphics),

-Tfig (XFIG graphics),

-Tmif (FrameMaker graphics),

-Thpgl (HP pen plotters),

-Tpcl (Laserjet printers),

-Tpng -Tgif (bitmap graphics),

-Tdia (GTK+ based diagrams),

-Timap (imagemap files for httpd servers for each node or edge that has a non-null "href" attribute.),

-Tcmapx (client-side imagemap for use in html and xhtml).

下面简单介绍下DOT语言的语法：

无向图 ：在最简单的应用中，DOT语言可以用来描述一张无向图。无向图显示了对象间最简单的关系，例如人之间的友谊。使用关键字graph开始一张无向图的定义，并用大括号包含要描述的节点，双连字号（--）被用来描述节点间的关系。另外，一行的末尾需要加上分号（;）。

graph graphname {

a -- b -- c;

b -- d;

}

有向图 ：类似于无向图，DOT语言也可以用来描述一张有向图，类似于流程图和树状图。其语法与无向图相似，但要在图的最开始使用关键字'digraph'，并用箭头（->）表示节点直接的关系。

digraph graphname {

a -> b -> c;

b -> d;

}

属性 ：DOT语言中，可以对节点和边添加不同的属性。这些属性可以控制节点和边的显示样式，例如颜色，形状和线形。可以在语句和句尾的分号间放置一对方括号，并在其中中放置一个或多个属性-值对。多个属性可以被逗号和空格（, ）分开。节点的属性被放置在只包含节点名称的表达式后。

graph graphname {

// label属性可以改变节点的显示名称

a [label="Foo"];

// 节点形状被改变了

b [shape=box];

// a-b边和b-c边有相同的属性

a -- b -- c [color=blue];

b -- d [style=dotted];

}

注释 ：DOT语言支持C语言与C++风格的单行与多行注释。另外，也支持Shell脚本风格的以#开头的注释。

// 单行注释

/* 多行

注

释 */

# 如此的行也会被忽略。

使用示例

示例一 从源代码安装Graphviz

[root@jfht setup]# wget "http://www.graphviz.org/pub/graphviz/stable/SOURCES/graphviz-2.26.3.tar.gz"

--2010-12-12 09:10:26-- http://www.graphviz.org/pub/graphviz/stable/SOURCES/graphviz-2.26.3.tar.gz
正在解析主机 www.graphviz.org... 192.20.225.20

Connecting to www.graphviz.org|192.20.225.20|:80... 已连接。

已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应... 200 OK

长度：17092429 (16M) [application/x-gzip]

Saving to: `graphviz-2.26.3.tar.gz'

100%[==========================================================================================>] 17,092,429 174K/s in 1m 44s

2010-12-12 09:12:10 (161 KB/s) - `graphviz-2.26.3.tar.gz' saved [17092429/17092429]

[root@jfht setup]# tar zxf graphviz-2.26.3.tar.gz

[root@jfht setup]# cd graphviz-2.26.3

[root@jfht graphviz-2.26.3]# ls

aclocal.m4 builddate.h config.h.in configure.old dot.demo graphviz.sln INSTALL makearch plugin

ast_common.h ChangeLog config.h.old contrib Doxyfile graphviz.spec INSTALL.old Makeargs README

ast_common.h.in cmd config.iffe COPYING Doxyfile.in graphviz.spec.in lib Makefile.am rtest

AUTHORS compat_getopt.h Config.mk.old cpl1.0.txt features graphviz.vcproj libltdl Makefile.in share

autogen.sh compat.h configure debian graphs graphviz_version.h m4 Makefile.old tclpkg

awk config configure.ac doc graphviz.7 iffe macosx NEWS windows

[root@jfht graphviz-2.26.3]# ./configure --prefix=/usr

checking build system type... i686-pc-linux-gnu

checking host system type... i686-pc-linux-gnu

checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c

checking whether build environment is sane... yes

checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /bin/mkdir -p

checking for gawk... gawk

checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes

checking for style of include used by make... GNU

checking for gcc... gcc

checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out

checking whether the C compiler works... yes

省略输出

----------------------------------------------------------------

graphviz-2.26.3 will be compiled with the following:

options:

cgraph: No (disabled by default - experimental)

digcola: Yes

expat: No (missing library)

fontconfig: No (missing fontconfig-config)

freetype: No (missing freetype-config)

glut: No (missing GL/glut.h)

gts: No (gts library not available)

ipsepcola: No (disabled by default - C++ portability issues)

ltdl: Yes

ortho: No (disabled by default - experimental)

png: No (missing png.h)

jpeg: No (missing header)

sfdp: Yes

shared: Yes

static: No (disabled by default)

commands:

dot: Yes (always enabled)

neato: Yes (always enabled)

fdp: Yes (always enabled)

circo: Yes (always enabled)

twopi: Yes (always enabled)

gvpr: Yes (always enabled)

lefty: No (missing Xaw headers)

smyrna: No (disabled by default - experimental)

plugin libraries:

dot_layout: Yes (always enabled)

neato_layout: Yes (always enabled)

core: Yes (always enabled)

devil: No (missing library)

gd: Yes (internal)

gdiplus: No (disabled by default - Windows only)

gdk_pixbuf: No (gdk_pixbuf library not available)

ghostscript: No (missing headers)

glitz: No (disabled by default - incomplete)

gtk: No (gtk library not available)

lasi: No (lasi library not available)

ming: No (disabled by default - incomplete)

pangocairo: No (pangocairo library not available)

quartz: No (disabled by default - Mac only)

rsvg: No (rsvg library not available)

visio: No (disabled by default - experimental)

xlib: No (disabled or unavailable)

language extensions:

gv_sharp: No (swig not available)

gv_guile: No (swig not available)

gv_io: No (disabled by default - no swig support yet)

gv_java: No (swig not available)

gv_lua: No (swig not available)

gv_ocaml: No (swig not available)

gv_perl: No (swig not available)

gv_php: No (swig not available)

gv_python: No (swig not available)

gv_python23: No (disabled by default - for multiversion installs)

gv_python24: No (disabled by default - for multiversion installs)

gv_python25: No (disabled by default - for multiversion installs)

gv_python26: No (disabled by default - for multiversion installs)

gv_R: No (swig not available)

gv_ruby: No (swig not available)

gv_tcl: No (tcl not available)

tcldot: No (tcl not available)

tclpathplan: No (tcl not available)

gdtclft: No (tcl not available)

tkspline: No (tk not available)

[root@jfht graphviz-2.26.3]#

[root@jfht graphviz-2.26.3]# make && make install

test -z "/usr/share/graphviz/doc/html" || /bin/mkdir -p "/usr/share/graphviz/doc/html"

test -z "/usr/share/man/man7" || /bin/mkdir -p "/usr/share/man/man7"

/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'graphviz.7' '/usr/share/man/man7/graphviz.7'

test -z "/usr/include/graphviz" || /bin/mkdir -p "/usr/include/graphviz"

/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'graphviz_version.h' '/usr/include/graphviz/graphviz_version.h'

test -z "/usr/share/graphviz/doc" || /bin/mkdir -p "/usr/share/graphviz/doc"

/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'AUTHORS' '/usr/share/graphviz/doc/AUTHORS'

/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'COPYING' '/usr/share/graphviz/doc/COPYING'

/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'ChangeLog' '/usr/share/graphviz/doc/ChangeLog'

/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'NEWS' '/usr/share/graphviz/doc/NEWS'

/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 'cpl1.0.txt' '/usr/share/graphviz/doc/cpl1.0.txt'

make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/setup/graphviz-2.26.3'

make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/setup/graphviz-2.26.3'

You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root

[root@jfht graphviz-2.26.3]#

示例二 操作系统的进程状态转换图

下面的例子来自http://www.graphviz.org/Gallery/undirected/process.html 。

[root@jfht ~]# cat process.gv

graph G {

run -- intr;

intr -- runbl;

runbl -- run;

run -- kernel;

kernel -- zombie;

kernel -- sleep;

kernel -- runmem;

sleep -- swap;

swap -- runswap;

runswap -- new;

runswap -- runmem;

new -- runmem;

sleep -- runmem;

}

[root@jfht ~]# dot -Tpng -oprocess.png process.gv

Format: "png" not recognized. Use one of: canon cmap cmapx cmapx_np dot eps fig gd gd2 gif gv imap imap_np ismap plain plain-ext ps ps2 svg svgz tk vml vmlz wbmp xdot

[root@jfht ~]# dot -Tgif -oprocess.gif process.gv

[root@jfht ~]# dot -Tsvg -oprocess.svg process.gv

[root@jfht ~]#

示例三 中文支持

要想在dot文件中使用中文，必须要安装有fontconfig-devel和freetype-devel。如示例一所示的安装中就没有这两项，

fontconfig: No (missing fontconfig-config)

freetype: No (missing freetype-config)

先得安装上，先把Linux安装盘挂载上。安装步骤如下

[root@jfht software]# find . -name "*fontconfig*"

./Server/fontconfig-devel-2.4.1-7.el5.i386.rpm

./Server/fontconfig-2.4.1-7.el5.i386.rpm

[root@jfht software]#

[root@jfht software]#

[root@jfht software]# rpm -qa | grep fontconfig

fontconfig-2.4.1-7.el5

[root@jfht software]# rpm -ivh ./Server/fontconfig-devel-2.4.1-7.el5.i386.rpm

warning: ./Server/fontconfig-devel-2.4.1-7.el5.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 37017186

error: Failed dependencies:

freetype-devel >= 2.1.4 is needed by fontconfig-devel-2.4.1-7.el5.i386

[root@jfht software]# find . -name "freetype-devel*rpm"

./Server/freetype-devel-2.2.1-21.el5_3.i386.rpm

[root@jfht software]# rpm -ivh ./Server/freetype-devel-2.2.1-21.el5_3.i386.rpm ./Server/fontconfig-devel-2.4.1-7.el5.i386.rpm

warning: ./Server/freetype-devel-2.2.1-21.el5_3.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 37017186

Preparing... ########################################### [100%]

1:freetype-devel ########################################### [ 50%]

2:fontconfig-devel ########################################### [100%]

[root@jfht software]#

安装好这两个rpm包之后，再到graphviz源代码目录，执行

./configure --prefix=/usr

make && make install

这样dot就可以支持中文了。首先我们编写一个简单的dot文件。

[root@jfht ~]# cat cn.gv

graph G {

中文 -- 英文

}

[root@jfht ~]# dot -Tgif -ocn.gif cn.gv

Error: Invalid 2-byte UTF8 found in input. Perhaps "-Gcharset=latin1" is needed?

要注意的是：dot不支持gbk编码的中文，但可以支持UTF8的中文，所以先把它转换成UTF8编码的。

[root@jfht ~]# iconv -f GBK -t UTF8 cn.gv >cn8.gv

[root@jfht ~]# dot -Tgif -ocn8.gif cn8.gv

[root@jfht ~]#

示例四 改变中文字体

默认的中文字体是宋体的，如果想改成仿宋、黑体、幼圆或别的字体，在Linux下可能没有，那么可以在Windows下找到相应的字体文件，上传的LInux上使用。步骤如下：

到C:\Windows\Fonts下找到simyou.ttf，用sftp上传到Linux下的/usr/share/fonts/chinese/TrueType目录。

[root@jfht ~]# cd /usr/share/fonts/chinese/TrueType

[root@jfht TrueType]# mkfontscale

[root@jfht TrueType]# mkfontdir

[root@jfht TrueType]# fc-cache

[root@jfht TrueType]# cat fonts.dir

注意下面内容中粗体部分。

62

fangsong.ttf -misc-fangsong_gb2312 -medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-gb2312.1980-0

fangsong.ttf -misc-fangsong_gb2312-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso10646-1

simhei.ttf -misc-simhei -medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-cns11643-1

simhei.ttf -misc-simhei-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-cns11643-2

simhei.ttf -misc-simhei-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-cns11643-3

simhei.ttf -misc-simhei-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-gb18030.2000-0

simhei.ttf -misc-simhei-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-gb2312.1980-0

simhei.ttf -misc-simhei-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso10646-1

simhei.ttf -misc-simhei-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-jisx0208.1983-0

simhei.ttf -misc-simhei-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-jisx0208.1990-0

simsun.ttc -misc-simsun -medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-ascii-0

simsun.ttc -misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-cns11643-1

simsun.ttc -misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-cns11643-2

simsun.ttc -misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-cns11643-3

simsun.ttc -misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-gb18030.2000-0

simsun.ttc -misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-gb2312.1980-0

simsun.ttc -misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso10646-1

simsun.ttc -misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1

simsun.ttc -misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-jisx0208.1983-0

simsun.ttc -misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-jisx0208.1990-0

simsun.ttc -misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-koi8-r

simyou.ttf -misc-youyuan -medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-cns11643-2

simyou.ttf -misc-youyuan-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-gb2312.1980-0

simyou.ttf -misc-youyuan-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-m-0-iso10646-1

stcaiyun.ttf -misc-stcaiyun -medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-ascii-0

stcaiyun.ttf -misc-stcaiyun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-gb2312.1980-0

stcaiyun.ttf -misc-stcaiyun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso10646-1

stcaiyun.ttf -misc-stcaiyun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-ascii-0

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-big5-0

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-big5.eten-0

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-cns11643-1

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-cns11643-2

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-gb2312.1980-0

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso10646-1

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-10

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-13

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-15

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-16

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-2

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-3

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-4

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-9

ukai.ttf -misc-ar pl zenkai uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-suneu-greek

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-ascii-0

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-big5-0

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-big5.eten-0

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-cns11643-1

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-cns11643-2

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-gb2312.1980-0

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso10646-1

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-10

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-13

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-15

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-16

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-2

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-3

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-4

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-9

uming.ttf -misc-ar pl shanheisun uni-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-suneu-greek

[root@jfht TrueType]#

上面粗体标出的部分就是中文字体的名称，比如 fangsong_gb2312、 simhei、 simsun、 youyuan、stcaiyun。

[root@jfht ~]# dot -Nfontname=fangsong_gb2312 -Tgif -ocn8_fangsong_gb2312.gif cn8.gv

[root@jfht ~]# dot -Nfontname=simhei -Tgif -ocn8_simhei.gif cn8.gv

[root@jfht ~]# dot -Nfontname=simsun -Tgif -ocn8_simsun.gif cn8.gv

[root@jfht ~]# dot -Nfontname=youyuan -Tgif -ocn8_youyuan.gif cn8.gv

[root@jfht ~]# dot -Nfontname=stcaiyun -Tgif -ocn8_stcaiyun.gif cn8.gv

[root@jfht ~]# ls -l cn8*

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 922 12-12 15:58 cn8_fangsong_gb2312.gif

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 902 12-12 15:38 cn8.gif

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 35 12-12 15:35 cn8.gv

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 926 12-12 16:00 cn8_simhei.gif

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 866 12-12 16:01 cn8_simsun.gif

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 974 12-12 16:03 cn8_stcaiyun.gif

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 876 12-12 16:02 cn8_youyuan.gif

[root@jfht ~]#