xtrabackup增量备份方案，备份恢复全过程记录

mysql> select * from mm;
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
|    4 |
+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_inno |
+----------------+
| mm             |
| t              |
+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into mm select 9999;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into t select 9999;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)
Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql>
mysql> select * from t;
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from mm;
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
|    4 |
| 9999 |
+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t;
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
| 9999 |
+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

增量备份及模拟恢复步骤:
先做一次全量备份，增量备份需要以此为基础
[root@Slave02 inno]# mkdir -p /data/back_up/delta    ---建立增量备份文件夹
[root@Slave02 inno]# cd /data/back_up/
[root@Slave02 back_up]# ls
delta  ibdata1  inno  xtrabackup_checkpoints  xtrabackup_logfile
[root@Slave02 back_up]# cd delta/
[root@Slave02 delta]# ls
[root@Slave02 delta]#
[root@Slave02 delta]# ls -la
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 27 14:35 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Mar 27 14:35 ..
[root@Slave02 delta]#
[root@Slave02 delta]# xtrabackup_55 --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf  --backup  --tar
get-dir=/data/back_up/delta  --incremental-basedir=/data/back_up
xtrabackup_55 version 1.6.2 for MySQL server 5.5.10 Linux (i686) (revision id: undefined)
incremental backup from 893330211 is enabled.
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /usr/local/mysql/data
xtrabackup: Target instance is assumed as followings.
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 5242880
130327 14:38:04 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
130327 14:38:04  InnoDB: Warning: allocated tablespace 2, old maximum was 0
>> log scanned up to (893330821)
[01] Copying ./ibdata1
to /data/back_up/delta/ibdata1.delta
[01]        ...done
[01] Copying ./inno/mm.ibd
to /data/back_up/delta/inno/mm.ibd.delta
[01]        ...done
[01] Copying ./inno/t.ibd
to /data/back_up/delta/inno/t.ibd.delta
[01]        ...done
>> log scanned up to (893330821)
xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '893330821'
>> log scanned up to (893330821)
xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread.
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (893330821) to (893330821) was copied.
[root@Slave02 delta]#
[root@Slave02 delta]# ls /data/back_up/delta/    -生成的增量备份数据文件
ibdata1.delta  ibdata1.meta  inno  xtrabackup_checkpoints  xtrabackup_logfile
[root@Slave02 delta]#
[root@Slave02 delta]# cd inno/
[root@Slave02 inno]# ls
mm.ibd.delta  mm.ibd.meta  t.ibd.delta  t.ibd.meta
[root@Slave02 inno]# ll
total 88
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 32768 Mar 27 14:38 mm.ibd.delta
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    18 Mar 27 14:38 mm.ibd.meta
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 32768 Mar 27 14:38 t.ibd.delta
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    18 Mar 27 14:38 t.ibd.meta
[root@Slave02 inno]#
注:在增量备份目录下，数据文件都是以.delta结尾的。增量备份只备份上一次全量备份后被修改过的page，所以增量备份只暂用较少的空 间。增量备份可以在增量备份的基础上增量。增量备份目录每次都需修改的。比如第二次增量就改成/data/back_up/delta2/)
备份恢复过程，对增量和全量各种一次prepare即可；
全量的prepare；
[root@Slave02 delta]# xtrabackup_55 --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf  --prepare  --target-dir=/data/back_up
xtrabackup_55 version 1.6.2 for MySQL server 5.5.10 Linux (i686) (revision id: undefined)
xtrabackup: cd to /data/back_up
xtrabackup: This target seems to be not prepared yet.
xtrabackup: xtrabackup_logfile detected: size=2097152, start_lsn=(893330211)
xtrabackup: Temporary instance for recovery is set as followings.
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 2097152
130327 14:40:53 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
xtrabackup: Starting InnoDB instance for recovery.
xtrabackup: Using 104857600 bytes for buffer pool (set by --use-memory parameter)
130327 14:40:53 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled
130327 14:40:53 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use InnoDB's own implementation
130327 14:40:53 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3
130327 14:40:53 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
130327 14:40:53 InnoDB: Warning: innodb_file_io_threads is deprecated. Please use innodb_read_io_threads and innodb_write_io_threads instead
130327 14:40:53 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 100.0M
130327 14:40:53 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
130327 14:40:53 InnoDB: highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: The log sequence number in ibdata files does not match
InnoDB: the log sequence number in the ib_logfiles!
130327 14:40:53  InnoDB: Database was not shut down normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
InnoDB: Reading tablespace information from the .ibd files...
InnoDB: Last MySQL binlog file position 0 1747, file name ./mysql-bin.000004
130327 14:40:54  InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start
130327 14:40:55 InnoDB: 1.1.5 started; log sequence number 893330211

[notice (again)]
If you use binary log and don't use any hack of group commit,
the binary log position seems to be:
InnoDB: Last MySQL binlog file position 0 1747, file name ./mysql-bin.000004

xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
130327 14:40:55  InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
130327 14:40:56  InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 893330449
[root@Slave02 delta]#
增量的prepare；
[root@Slave02 delta]# xtrabackup_55 --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf  --prepare  --target-dir=/data/back_up  --incremental-dir=/data/back_up/delta/
xtrabackup_55 version 1.6.2 for MySQL server 5.5.10 Linux (i686) (revision id: undefined)
incremental backup from 893330211 is enabled.
xtrabackup: cd to /data/back_up
xtrabackup: This target seems to be already prepared.
xtrabackup: xtrabackup_logfile detected: size=2097152, start_lsn=(893330821)
xtrabackup: page size for /data/back_up/delta//ibdata1.delta is 16384 bytes
Applying /data/back_up/delta//ibdata1.delta ...
xtrabackup: page size for /data/back_up/delta//inno/mm.ibd.delta is 16384 bytes
Applying /data/back_up/delta//inno/mm.ibd.delta ...
xtrabackup: page size for /data/back_up/delta//inno/t.ibd.delta is 16384 bytes
Applying /data/back_up/delta//inno/t.ibd.delta ...
xtrabackup: Temporary instance for recovery is set as followings.
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = /data/back_up/delta/
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 1
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 2097152
130327 14:42:49 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
xtrabackup: Starting InnoDB instance for recovery.
xtrabackup: Using 104857600 bytes for buffer pool (set by --use-memory parameter)
130327 14:42:49 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled
130327 14:42:49 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use InnoDB's own implementation
130327 14:42:49 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3
130327 14:42:49 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
130327 14:42:49 InnoDB: Warning: innodb_file_io_threads is deprecated. Please use innodb_read_io_threads and innodb_write_io_threads instead
130327 14:42:49 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 100.0M
130327 14:42:49 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
130327 14:42:49 InnoDB: highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: The log sequence number in ibdata files does not match
InnoDB: the log sequence number in the ib_logfiles!
130327 14:42:49  InnoDB: Database was not shut down normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
InnoDB: Reading tablespace information from the .ibd files...
InnoDB: Last MySQL binlog file position 0 474, file name ./mysql-bin.000005
130327 14:42:49  InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start
130327 14:42:50 InnoDB: 1.1.5 started; log sequence number 893330821

[notice (again)]
If you use binary log and don't use any hack of group commit,
the binary log position seems to be:
InnoDB: Last MySQL binlog file position 0 474, file name ./mysql-bin.000005

xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1
130327 14:42:50  InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
130327 14:42:51  InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 893330821
[root@Slave02 delta]#
[root@Slave02 data]# rm -rf inno/                ----删除数据目录中的inno库的所有文件
[root@Slave02 data]# ls
book         mysql             mysql-bin.000005    prod
ibdata1      mysql-bin.000001  mysql-bin.index     Slave02.err
ib_logfile0  mysql-bin.000002  mysqld_multi.log    Slave02.pid
ib_logfile1  mysql-bin.000003  mysql.pid           slow.log
log.1        mysql-bin.000004  performance_schema  test
[root@Slave02 data]# cp -r /data/back_up/inno/  /usr/local/mysql/data/       ---从备份目录中拷贝全备的相关文件到数据库目录中去
[root@Slave02 data]# cd inno/
[root@Slave02 inno]# ll
total 2096
-rw-r----- 1 root root    8554 Mar 27 14:49 mm.frm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1048576 Mar 27 14:49 mm.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 root root    8554 Mar 27 14:49 t.frm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1048576 Mar 27 14:49 t.ibd
[root@Slave02 inno]# chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/mysql/data/inno/         ----修改权限和全备的走的流程一样
[root@Slave02 inno]# ls  -la
total 2112
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql    4096 Mar 27 14:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 8 mysql mysql    4096 Mar 27 14:49 ..
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql    8554 Mar 27 14:49 mm.frm
-rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 1048576 Mar 27 14:49 mm.ibd
-rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql    8554 Mar 27 14:49 t.frm
-rw-r--r-- 1 mysql mysql 1048576 Mar 27 14:49 t.ibd
[root@Slave02 inno]# service mysqld restart                                -----重新启动数据库即可
Shutting down MySQL...                                     [  OK  ]
Starting MySQL..                                           [  OK  ]
[root@Slave02 inno]# mysql -uroot -proot
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.5.13-log Source distribution

Copyright (c) 2000, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> use inno
Database changed
mysql> show tables;           ---严重增量备份的数据是否有效
+----------------+
| Tables_in_inno |
+----------------+
| mm             |
| t              |
+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from mm;
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
|    4 |
| 9999 |
+------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from t;
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
| 9999 |
+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>   -------经校验无误，增量备份成功；

增量备份优点：
　　1、数据库太大没有足够的空间全量备份，作增量备份有效节省空间，且效率高。
　　2、支持热备份。备份过程不锁表，不受时间限制，不影响用户使用。
　　3、每日备份只产生少量数据，远程备份传输更方便。同时节省空间。
　　4、备份恢复基于文件操作，降低直接对数据库操作风险。
　　5、备份效率更高，恢复效率更高。
6、现在的增量备份可以通道来进行备份比以前老版本的速度快很多，大家可以使用，目前测试，生产上可以12个通道一起开通，上百G的数据文件，增备很快便可完成