Linux常用命令笔记2---文件管理2

[root@szm fdisk]# tune2fs

tune2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

Usage: tune2fs [-c max_mounts_count] [-e errors_behavior]--检查行为 [-g group]

[-i interval[d|m|w]]--健康检查频率 [-j] [-J journal_options] [-l]--文件系统信息

[-m reserved_blocks_percent]--保留块比率 [-o [^]mount_options[,...]]

[-r reserved_blocks_count] [-u user] [-C mount_count] [-L volume_label]

[-M last_mounted_dir] [-O [^]feature[,...]]---设置清除文件系统的功能

[-E extended-option[,...]] [-T last_check_time] [-U UUID]

[ -I new_inode_size ] device

错误行为参数：“-e errors_behavior”当内核使用e2fsck(8)命令执行文件系统的健康检查时发现文件系统错误之后，执行何种操作；为内核所定义的行为有三种：Continue执行正常检查，Remount-ro将文件系统用只读的方式重新挂载，Panic执行内核崩溃行为。

[root@szm fdisk]# tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep -i behavior-------建议不要做修改
Errors behavior: Continue

[root@szm fdisk]# tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep -i block
Block count: 512000
Reserved block count: 25600-----------------------m参数的使用
Free blocks: 425482
First block: 1
Block size: 1024
Reserved GDT blocks: 256
Blocks per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 254
Flex block group size: 16
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
Journal backup: inode blocks

[root@szm fdisk]# tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep -i name

Filesystem volume name: <none>----------------------------L参数的使用

文件系统体检命令：e2fsck\fsck,要体检的文件系统要卸载，不卸载可能会破坏文件系统，使用fsck就是使用esfsck，这两个命令是一样的。

[root@szm fdisk]# fsck --help
fsck from util-linux-ng 2.17.2
fsck.ext4: invalid option -- 'h'
Usage: fsck.ext4 [-panyrcdfvtDFV] [-b superblock] [-B blocksize]
[-I inode_buffer_blocks] [-P process_inode_size]
[-l|-L bad_blocks_file] [-C fd]--显示当前检查进度 [-j external_journal]
[-E extended-options] device

Emergency help:
-p Automatic repair (no questions)
-n Make no changes to the filesystem
-y Assume "yes" to all questions
-c Check for bad blocks and add them to the badblock list
-f Force checking even if filesystem is marked clean
-v Be verbose
-b superblock Use alternative superblock
-B blocksize Force blocksize when looking for superblock
-j external_journal Set location of the external journal
-l bad_blocks_file Add to badblocks list
-L bad_blocks_file Set badblocks list

卷标的修改：e2lable、blkid、tune2fs -L 、mafs -L

[root@szm fdisk]# e2label /dev/sda1 szm1

[root@szm fdisk]# e2label /dev/sda1

szm1

[root@szm fdisk]# blkid -h

blkid from util-linux-ng 2.17.2 (libblkid 2.17.0, 22-Mar-2010)

Usage:

blkid -L <label> | -U <uuid>

blkid [-c <file>] [-ghlLv] [-o format] [-s <tag>]

[-t <token>] [-w <file>] [dev ...]

blkid -p [-s <tag>] [-O <offset>] [-S <size>]

[-o format] <dev> [dev ...]

blkid -i [-s <tag>] [-o format] <dev> [dev ...]

Options:

-c <file> cache file (default: /etc/blkid/blkid.tab, /dev/null = none)

-h print this usage message and exit---查询信息

-g garbage collect the blkid cache

-o <format> output format; can be one of:

value, device, list, udev, export or full; (default: full)

-s <tag> show specified tag(s) (default show all tags)

-t <token> find device with a specific token (NAME=value pair)

-l lookup the the first device with arguments specified by -t

-L <label> convert LABEL to device name

-U <uuid> convert UUID to device name

-v print version and exit

-w <file> write cache to different file (/dev/null = no write)---缓存信息

<dev> specify device(s) to probe (default: all devices)

Low-level probing options:

-p low-level superblocks probing (bypass cache)

-i gather information about I/O limits

-S <bytes> overwrite device size

-O <bytes> probe at the given offset

-u <list> filter by "usage" (e.g. -u filesystem,raid)

[root@szm fdisk]# blkid

/dev/sda1: UUID="17968cbe-9f85-42bf-bad1-a341e83b1632" TYPE="ext4" LABEL="szm1"

/dev/sda2: UUID="SFNUh7-hkuw-3Rly-kkzl-tD7V-cxMg-b0OdEN" TYPE="LVM2_member"

/dev/mapper/vg_szm-lv_root: UUID="c84cebb9-4f4d-4437-bfc0-4a4c3d829d8d" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/mapper/vg_szm-lv_swap: UUID="ea5eb7dd-8a35-4f55-a5d7-1eba18451b1f" TYPE="swap"

/dev/sdb5: UUID="LJrFaY-63bg-bQ4l-ZQhY-uB8w-XH0N-HN80nC" TYPE="LVM2_member"

/dev/mapper/szmvg-szmspace: UUID="56dc9273-e651-4ed3-99d2-602a75f91022" TYPE="ext4"

通过UUID或LABEL得到文件系统

[root@szm fdisk]# findfs --help
Usage: findfs LABEL=<label>|UUID=<uuid>

[root@szm fdisk]# findfs LABEL=szm1

/dev/sda1

[root@szm fdisk]# findfs UUID=17968cbe-9f85-42bf-bad1-a341e83b1632

/dev/sda1

[root@szm fdisk]# man mount

挂载所有文件系统：a 只读挂载：r 读写挂载：w 卷标挂载：L 指定挂载文件系统：t 挂载文件系统时指定挂载功能：o 重复挂载特定目录：--bind 显示已挂载文件系统卷标名称：l 卸载文件系统时更新/etc/mtab文件：n

[root@szm fdisk]# mount------------调用/proc/mounts，查看已经挂载的文件系统，内核会时实更新mtab文件

/dev/mapper/vg_szm-lv_root on / type ext4 (rw)

proc on /proc type proc (rw)

sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)

devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)

tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")

/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)

none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)

.host:/ on /mnt/hgfs type vmhgfs (rw,ttl=1)

vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other)

sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)

nfsd on /proc/fs/nfsd type nfsd (rw)

[root@szm fdisk]# mount -l
/dev/mapper/vg_szm-lv_root on / type ext4 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw) [szm1]
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
.host:/ on /mnt/hgfs type vmhgfs (rw,ttl=1)
vmware-vmblock on /var/run/vmblock-fuse type fuse.vmware-vmblock (rw,nosuid,nodev,default_permissions,allow_other)
sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)
nfsd on /proc/fs/nfsd type nfsd (rw)

[root@szm fdisk]# mount /dev/sda3 -o ro,noexec,sync /mnt/sdb3

[root@szm fdisk]# umont -h
bash: umont: command not found
[root@szm fdisk]# umount -h
Usage: umount -h | -V
umount -a [-d] [-f]--强制卸载 [-r] [-n]--不实时更新/etc/mmtab [-v] [-t vfstypes] [-O opts]
umount [-d] [-f] [-r] [-n] [-v] special | node...

r：如果文件系统挂载失败，尝试用只读方式挂载文件系统；
a：卸载/etc/mtab配置文件中的所有文件系统

文件系统卸载不成功：fuser、lsof

[root@szm fdisk]# fuser
No process specification given
Usage: fuser [ -a | -s | -c ] [ -n SPACE ] [ -SIGNAL ] [ -kimuv ] NAME...
[ - ] [ -n SPACE ] [ -SIGNAL ] [ -kimuv ] NAME...
fuser -l
fuser -V
Show which processes use the named files, sockets, or filesystems.

-a display unused files too
-c mounted FS
-f silently ignored (for POSIX compatibility)
-i ask before killing (ignored without -k)
-k kill processes accessing the named file
-l list available signal names
-m show all processes using the named filesystems
-n SPACE search in this name space (file, udp, or tcp)
-s silent operation
-SIGNAL send this signal instead of SIGKILL
-u display user IDs
-v verbose output
-V display version information
-4 search IPv4 sockets only
-6 search IPv6 sockets only
- reset options

udp/tcp names: [local_port][,[rmt_host][,[rmt_port]]]

[root@szm fdisk]# fuser -mu /mnt/file/
[root@szm fdisk]# fuser -km /mnt/file/

[root@szm fdisk]# lsof /proc/fs/nfsd
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
rpc.mount 12638 root 20r REG 0,31 0 10 /proc/fs/nfsd/export_features
rpc.nfsd 12693 root 3w REG 0,31 0 18 /proc/fs/nfsd/portlist

[root@szm fdisk]# man 5 fstab----查看每行的意思

autofs：/etc/auto.master------->/etc/auto.misc nfs -fstype=nfs,ro,soft,intr 192.168.1.1:/var/ftp/pub [root@szm misc]# service autofs restart [root@szm misc]# ls nfs

[szm@szm Desktop]$ gnome-mount????????????????????????

[root@szm misc]# gzip --help

Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

-c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
-d, --decompress decompress
-f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
-h, --help give this help
-l, --list list compressed file contents
-L, --license display software license
-n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
-N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
-q, --quiet suppress all warnings
-r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
-S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
-t, --test test compressed file integrity
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-V, --version display version number
-1, --fast compress faster
-9, --best compress better
--rsyncable Make rsync-friendly archive

With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.

[root@szm tmp]# gzip passwd
[root@szm tmp]# ls passwd.gz
passwd.gz
[root@szm tmp]# gzip -d passwd.gz

[root@szm tmp]# gunzip -h
Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

-c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
-d, --decompress decompress
-f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
-h, --help give this help
-l, --list list compressed file contents
-L, --license display software license
-n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
-N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
-q, --quiet suppress all warnings
-r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
-S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
-t, --test test compressed file integrity
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-V, --version display version number
-1, --fast compress faster
-9, --best compress better
--rsyncable Make rsync-friendly archive

With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.

[root@szm tmp]# bzip2 -h-----------------------压缩率比gzip高
bzip2, a block-sorting file compressor. Version 1.0.5, 10-Dec-2007.

usage: bzip2 [flags and input files in any order]

-h --help print this message
-d --decompress force decompression
-z --compress force compression
-k --keep keep (don't delete) input files
-f --force overwrite existing output files
-t --test test compressed file integrity
-c --stdout output to standard out
-q --quiet suppress noncritical error messages
-v --verbose be verbose (a 2nd -v gives more)
-L --license display software version & license
-V --version display software version & license
-s --small use less memory (at most 2500k)
-1 .. -9 set block size to 100k .. 900k
--fast alias for -1
--best alias for -9

If invoked as `bzip2', default action is to compress.
as `bunzip2', default action is to decompress.
as `bzcat', default action is to decompress to stdout.

If no file names are given, bzip2 compresses or decompresses
from standard input to standard output. You can combine
short flags, so `-v -4' means the same as -v4 or -4v, &c.

[root@szm tmp]# dd if=/dev/zero of=file bs=1M count=100
100+0 records in
100+0 records out
104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 1.23109 s, 85.2 MB/s
[root@szm tmp]# dd if=/dev/zero of=file1 bs=1M count=100
100+0 records in
100+0 records out
104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 1.31938 s, 79.5 MB/s
[root@szm tmp]# time gzip file

real 0m1.676s
user 0m0.973s
sys 0m0.568s
[root@szm tmp]# time bzip2 file
bzip2: Can't open input file file: No such file or directory.

real 0m0.023s
user 0m0.000s
sys 0m0.005s
[root@szm tmp]# time bzip2 file1

real 0m4.218s
user 0m3.226s
sys 0m0.612s

[root@szm tmp]# ll file*------------高压缩比但花CPU时间多
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 113 Mar 7 23:43 file1.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 101796 Mar 7 23:43 file.gz

[root@szm tmp]# bunzip2 -h
bzip2, a block-sorting file compressor. Version 1.0.5, 10-Dec-2007.

usage: bunzip2 [flags and input files in any order]

-h --help print this message
-d --decompress force decompression
-z --compress force compression
-k --keep keep (don't delete) input files----不删除原文件
-f --force overwrite existing output files----强制覆盖压缩文件与压缩链接
-t --test test compressed file integrity
-c --stdout output to standard out---将压缩的数据输出到屏幕上，不更改原文件
-q --quiet suppress noncritical error messages
-v --verbose be verbose (a 2nd -v gives more)
-L --license display software version & license
-V --version display software version & license
-s --small use less memory (at most 2500k)
-1 .. -9 set block size to 100k .. 900k
--fast alias for -1
--best alias for -9

If invoked as `bzip2', default action is to compress.
as `bunzip2', default action is to decompress.
as `bzcat', default action is to decompress to stdout.

If no file names are given, bzip2 compresses or decompresses
from standard input to standard output. You can combine
short flags, so `-v -4' means the same as -v4 or -4v, &c.