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linux 账号管理 安装软件

2012-09-17 21:25 295 查看
应用程序与系统命令的关系

文件位置

系统命令:一般在/bin和/sbin目录中,或为shell内部指令

应用程序:通常在/usr/bin和/usr/sbin目录中

主要用途

系统命令:完成对系统的基本管理工作

应用程序:完成相对独立的其他辅助任务

/etc 存放配置文件

/var/log 存放日志文件

/usr/share/doc 应用程序文档

rpm软件包 扩展名为 ".rpm" 方便管理

deb软件包 扩展名为".deb"

源代码包 "tar.gz" ,".tar.bz2" 通用性强,灵活性强,安装麻烦

rpm软件素材参考地址:http://rpmfind.net/

rpm -qa 查看系统中已安装的所有软件包

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -qa|grep ppp

rp-pppoe-3.5-32.1

ppp-2.4.4-1.el5

[root@localhost tmp]#

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -q vsftpd

vsftpd-2.0.5-10.el5

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -qi vsftpd //qi 查看所装软件包的信息

Name : vsftpd Relocations: (not relocatable)

Version : 2.0.5 Vendor: Red Hat, Inc.

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -ql vsftpd //查看已安装软件包中所包含文件

/etc/logrotate.d/vsftpd.log

/etc/pam.d/vsftpd

/etc/rc.d/init.d/vsftpd

/etc/vsftpd

/etc/vsftpd/ftpusers

/etc/vsftpd/user_list

/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf

/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_conf_migrate.sh

/usr/sbin/vsftpd

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/AUDIT

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/BENCHMARKS

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/BUGS

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/COPYING

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/Changelog

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE/vsftpd.conf

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE/vsftpd.xinetd

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE/vsftpd.xinetd.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE_NOINETD

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE_NOINETD/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE_NOINETD/README.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE_NOINETD/vsftpd.conf

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/PER_IP_CONFIG

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/PER_IP_CONFIG/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/PER_IP_CONFIG/README.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/PER_IP_CONFIG/hosts.allow

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/PER_IP_CONFIG/hosts.allow.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_HOSTS

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_HOSTS/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/README.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/logins.txt

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/vsftpd.conf

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/vsftpd.pam

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/vsftpd.pam.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS_2

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS_2/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/FAQ

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/INSTALL

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/LICENSE

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/README.security

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/REWARD

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SECURITY

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SECURITY/DESIGN

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SECURITY/IMPLEMENTATION

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SECURITY/OVERVIEW

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SECURITY/TRUST

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SIZE

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SPEED

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/TODO

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/TUNING

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/vsftpd.xinetd

/usr/share/man/man5/vsftpd.conf.5.gz

/usr/share/man/man8/vsftpd.8.gz

/var/ftp

/var/ftp/pub

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -qc vsftpd //查看已安装软件包中包含的配置文件

/etc/logrotate.d/vsftpd.log

/etc/pam.d/vsftpd

/etc/vsftpd/ftpusers

/etc/vsftpd/user_list

/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf

/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_conf_migrate.sh

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -qd vsftpd //查看软件包包含的文档信息

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/AUDIT

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/BENCHMARKS

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/BUGS

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/COPYING

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/Changelog

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE/vsftpd.conf

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE/vsftpd.xinetd

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE/vsftpd.xinetd.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE_NOINETD/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE_NOINETD/README.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE_NOINETD/vsftpd.conf

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/PER_IP_CONFIG/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/PER_IP_CONFIG/README.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/PER_IP_CONFIG/hosts.allow

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/PER_IP_CONFIG/hosts.allow.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_HOSTS/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/README.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/logins.txt

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/vsftpd.conf

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/vsftpd.pam

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS/vsftpd.pam.dir

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/EXAMPLE/VIRTUAL_USERS_2/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/FAQ

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/INSTALL

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/LICENSE

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/README

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/README.security

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/REWARD

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SECURITY/DESIGN

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SECURITY/IMPLEMENTATION

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SECURITY/OVERVIEW

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SECURITY/TRUST

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SIZE

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/SPEED

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/TODO

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/TUNING

/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-2.0.5/vsftpd.xinetd

/usr/share/man/man5/vsftpd.conf.5.gz

/usr/share/man/man8/vsftpd.8.gz

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -q --scripts vsftpd //查看软件安装前或和安装后或卸载的脚本程序

postinstall scriptlet (using /bin/sh):

/sbin/chkconfig --add vsftpd

#/usr/sbin/usermod -d /var/ftp ftp >/dev/null 2>&1 || :

preuninstall scriptlet (using /bin/sh):

if [ $1 = 0 ]; then

/sbin/service vsftpd stop > /dev/null 2>&1

/sbin/chkconfig --del vsftpd

fi

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -q --changelog vsftpd //查看软件包版本升级的过程

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -qf /etc/vsftpd/ //查看文件或者目录名 属于哪个rpm文件

vsftpd-2.0.5-10.el5

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -qf /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf

[root@localhost tmp]# which ls

alias ls='ls --color=tty'

/bin/ls

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -qf /bin/ls

coreutils-5.97-12.1.el5

vsftpd-2.0.5-10.el5

查看未安装的rpm包文件[rpm -qpi 软件包全称]

-qpi 软件包的详细信息

-qpl 所包含的目录或者文件

-qpc 所包含的配置内文件

-qpd 所包含的文档信息

rpm -ivh 安装软件

-e 卸载软件

-Uvh 升级某个rpm软件,若原本未安装,则进行安装

-F 更新某个rpm软件,若原本未安装则放弃安装

辅助选项

--force:强制安装所指定的rpm软件包

--nodeps:安装、升级或者卸载软件时,忽略依赖关系

-h 以"#"显示安装进度

-v 显示安装过程的详细信息

安装过程提示

NOKEY

密钥,验证软件包的完整性

[root@localhost tmp]# md5sum cptest

d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e cptest

rpm -e vsftpd 先卸载

rpm --import RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release导入密钥,然后再进行安装

当安装软件包时,系统会使用导入的key,对软件包进行验证,验证软件包的完整性

rpm --initdb 重新修复 rpm 数据库

yum 解决软件包的依赖关系

软件素材参考:http://sourceforge.net/

确认源代码编译环境

需安装支持C/C++程序语言的编译器

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -qa |grep ^gcc*

gcc-objc-4.1.2-14.el5

gcc-c++-4.1.2-14.el5

gcc-4.1.2-14.el5


gcc-gnat-4.1.2-14.el5

gcc-java-4.1.2-14.el5

gcalctool-5.8.25-1.el5

gcc-gfortran-4.1.2-14.el5

[root@localhost tmp]# rpm -qa|grep make

make-3.81-1.1

automake14-1.4p6-13

automake16-1.6.3-8

imake-1.0.2-3

automake-1.9.6-2.1

automake17-1.7.9-7

automake15-1.5-16

[root@localhost tmp]#

gcc -v 查看gcc的版本号

源码包的安装步骤

1、tar包解压缩

解压并释放源代码包到指定目录

解包后的源代码文件位置/usr/src/软件名-版本号

2、./configuration

设置安装目录,安装模块等选项

3、make编译

生成可执行的二进制文件

4、make install

复制二进制文件到系统,配置应用环境

yum 服务器配置

YUM Yellodog Updater Modified

可以自动解决依赖关系

所有软件包由集中地YUM软件仓库提供

软件仓库的提供方式

FTP服务:ftp://

HTTP服务:http://

本地服务:file:///

RPM软件包的来源

mkdir /var/ftp/rhel6

cp -rf /misc/cd/* /var/ftp/rhel6

rpm -ivh vsftpd

[root@localhost tmp]# chkconfig --level 35 vsftpd on

vsftpd服务在运行级别为3或者5时自动启动

service vsftpd start

service vsftpd status

service vsftpd restart

service vsftpd stop

mount /dev/cdrom /mnt //挂载即映射,将光盘中的内容映射到对应文件中,不占用实际空间

chkconfig --level 35 vsftpd on 将服务设置为开机自动启动

cp -rf /mnt/* /var/ftp

在软件仓库中加入非官方RPM包

包括存在依赖关系的所有RPM包

使用createrepo工具建立仓库数据文件

cd /var/ftp/other

createrepo -g /misc/cd/repodata/repomd.xml ./生成仓库数据文件

ls -lh repodata

repodata 软件仓库文件

客户机

[root@localhost tmp]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/local.repo

[RHEL5.1] //自定义标签,以示区分

name=RHEL5.1

baseurl=file:///iso/as5.1/Server[也可以是ftp服务器的ip地址]

enabled=1 //要使用此repo文件

gpgcheck=1 //不验证光盘的完整性

gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release

[other]

name=Other RPM Packages

baseurl=ftp://192.168.4.54/other

enabled=1 //要使用此repo文件

gpgcheck=0//不验证光盘的完整性

[root@localhost tmp]# yum clean all 清空缓存[换repo文件]

Loading "installonlyn" plugin

Loading "rhnplugin" plugin

Loading "security" plugin

清空以下目录中的内容

cd /var/cache/yum

yum list和rpm -qa类似

yum info vsftpd和rpm -qi类似

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum search "httpd" //查找和httpd相关的软件包信息

Loading "installonlyn" plugin

Loading "rhnplugin" plugin

Loading "security" plugin

This system is not registered with RHN.

RHN support will be disabled.

Setting up repositories

Reading repository metadata in from local files

httpd.i386 2.2.3-11.el5 RHEL5.1

Matched from:

httpd
http://httpd.apache.org/
mod_ssl.i386 1:2.2.3-11.el5 RHEL5.1

Matched from:
http://httpd.apache.org/
httpd-manual.i386 2.2.3-11.el5 RHEL5.1

Matched from:

httpd-manual

The httpd-manual package contains the complete manual and

reference guide for the Apache HTTP server. The information can

also be found at http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/. http://httpd.apache.org/
system-config-httpd.noarch 5:1.3.3.1-1.el5 RHEL5.1

Matched from:

system-config-httpd

httpd-devel.i386 2.2.3-11.el5 RHEL5.1

Matched from:

httpd-devel

The httpd-devel package contains the APXS binary and other files

that you need to build Dynamic Shared Objects (DSOs) for the

Apache HTTP Server.

If you are installing the Apache HTTP server and you want to be

able to compile or develop additional modules for Apache, you need

to install this package.
http://httpd.apache.org/
mod_dav_svn.i386 1.4.2-2.el5 RHEL5.1

Matched from:

The mod_dav_svn package allows access to a Subversion repository

using HTTP, via the Apache httpd server.

mod_ssl.i386 1:2.2.3-11.el5 installed

Matched from:
http://httpd.apache.org/
httpd.i386 2.2.3-11.el5 installed

Matched from:

httpd
http://httpd.apache.org/
httpd-manual.i386 2.2.3-11.el5 installed

Matched from:

httpd-manual

The httpd-manual package contains the complete manual and

reference guide for the Apache HTTP server. The information can

also be found at http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/. http://httpd.apache.org/
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum grouplist //查看已分组的软件包

Loading "installonlyn" plugin

Loading "rhnplugin" plugin

Loading "security" plugin

This system is not registered with RHN.

RHN support will be disabled.

Setting up Group Process

Setting up repositories

comps-rhel5-server-core.x 100% |=========================| 922 kB 00:00

Installed Groups:

Office/Productivity

Development Libraries

Editors

System Tools

GNOME Software Development

Text-based Internet

X Software Development

GNOME Desktop Environment

Authoring and Publishing

FTP Server

Network Servers

Legacy Software Development

Java Development

X Window System

Graphics

Web Server

Printing Support

KDE (K Desktop Environment)

Mail Server

Server Configuration Tools

Administration Tools

Graphical Internet

Available Groups:

Engineering and Scientific

MySQL Database

Legacy Network Server

DNS Name Server

Games and Entertainment

Windows File Server

KDE Software Development

Sound and Video

PostgreSQL Database

News Server

Development Tools

Done

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]#

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum groupinfo "X Window System" //查看组信息

Loading "installonlyn" plugin

Loading "rhnplugin" plugin

Loading "security" plugin

This system is not registered with RHN.

RHN support will be disabled.

Setting up Group Process

Setting up repositories

Group: X Window System

Description: Install this group of packages to use the base graphical (X) user interface.

Mandatory Packages:

xorg-x11-fonts-misc

xorg-x11-server-Xorg

xorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-1-75dpi

xorg-x11-fonts-100dpi

xorg-x11-fonts-75dpi

xorg-x11-xauth

desktop-backgrounds-basic

xorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859-1-100dpi

xorg-x11-xinit

xorg-x11-fonts-Type1

xorg-x11-xfs

xorg-x11-fonts-truetype

bitmap-fonts

xorg-x11-drivers

Default Packages:

xorg-x11-twm

xorg-x11-apps

pirut

openssh-askpass

rhn-setup-gnome

liberation-fonts

firstboot

system-config-display

freeglut

gdm

policycoreutils-gui

rhgb

synaptics

krb5-auth-dialog

system-config-soundcard

xterm

dejavu-lgc-fonts

linuxwacom

system-config-services

vnc-server

system-config-date

glx-utils

authconfig-gtk

system-config-printer

system-config-network

bitstream-vera-fonts

system-config-users

Optional Packages:

xorg-x11-utils

xorg-x11-resutils

xorg-x11-xfwp

switchdesk

xorg-x11-xsm

xorg-x11-server-Xnest

xorg-x11-xfs-utils

xorg-x11-server-Xvfb

ibmasm-xinput

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]#

yum install 软件包

yum groupinstall 包组名

yum update 软件包

yum groupupdate 包组名

yum -y install vsftpd

yum remove 软件名

yum groupremove 包组名

yum grouperase 包组名

不建议使用yum卸载软件包,会卸载软件包的所有依赖包,影响其他软件包的使用

推荐使用rpm -e 进行卸载

service NetworkManager stop

chkconfig --level 35 NetworkManager off

linux中ip改变不会自动生效需要重启网卡

当改变网卡自动回让ip地址生效,此服务作用,但有Bug,故禁用

vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

NM_CONTROLLED=no 网卡是否受NetworkManager 服务控制,默认为yes

USERCTL=no 普通用户是否能修改

service network restart 重启网络服务

ip addr show

scp root@192.168.1.1:/etc/yum.repos.d/rhel.repo

ftp默认宿主目录为/var/ftp

yum-plugin-verify 允许yum检查软件包的完整性

yum-plugin-changelog 使用yum查看软件包changelog

yum -y install yum-plugin-changelog
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