Comparison of relational database management systems
2012-06-06 08:43
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relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. This article is not all-inclusive or necessarily up to date. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions
without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.
operating systems that the RDBMSes can run on.
Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommited transaction isolation.
Version 1.9 adds serializable isolation and version 2.0 will be fully ACID compliant.
Note (2):MySQL provides ACID compliance through the default InnoDB storage engine.[32][33]
Note (3):"For other [than InnoDB] storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the FOREIGN KEY and REFERENCES syntax
in CREATE TABLE statements. The CHECK clause is parsed but ignored by all storage engines."[34]
Note (4): Support for Unicode is new in version 10.0.
Note (1): Firebird 2.x maximum database size is effectively unlimited with the largest known database size >980 GB.[35]
Firebird 1.5.x maximum database size: 32 TB.
Note (2): limit is 1038using
Note (3): InnoDB is limited to 8,000 bytes (excluding
Note (4): InnoDB is limited to 1,000 columns[37]
Note (6): Using
Note (7): When using a page size of 32 kB, and when BLOB/CLOB data is stored in the database file.
Note (8): Java array size limit of 2,147,483,648 (231) objects per array applies. This limit applies to number
of characters in names, rows per table, columns per table, and characters per
Note (9): Despite the lack of a date datatype, SQLite does include date and time functions,[39]
which work for timestamps between 0000-01-01 00:00:00 and 5352-11-01 10:52:47.
Note (10): Informix DATETIME type has adjustable range from YEAR only through 1/10000th second. DATETIME date range is
0001-01-01 00:00:00.00000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999.
tables and
views (other than basic ones) are supported natively.
Note (1): Server provides tempdb, which can be used for public and private (for the session) temp tables.[40]
Note (2): Materialized views are not supported in Informix; the term is used in IBM’s documentation to refer to a temporary table
created to run the view’s query when it is too complex, but one cannot for example define the way it is refreshed or build an index on it. The term is defined in the Informix Performance Guide.[41]
Note (3):
Query optimizer support only in Developer and Enterprise Editions. In other versions, a direct reference to materialized view and a query hint are required.[42]
Note (4): Materialized views can be emulated using
stored procedures and triggers.[43]
Note (5): Materialized views can be emulated with stored procedures and triggers using
PL/pgSQL,
PL/Perl, PL/Python, or other procedural languages.[44]
indexes (other than basic
B-/B+ tree indexes) are supported natively.
Note (1): The users need to use a function from freeAdhocUDF library or similar.[66]
Note (2): Can be implemented for most data types using expression-based indexes.
Note (3): Can be emulated by indexing a computed column[67]
(doesn't easily update) or by using an "Indexed View"[68] (proper name not
just any view works[69])
Note (4): Can be implemented by using an indexed view.[70]
Note (5): InnoDB automatically generates adaptive hash index[71]
entries as needed.
Note (6): Can be implemented using Function-based Indexes in Oracle 8i and higher, but the function needs to be used in the
sql for the index to be used.
Note (7): A PostgreSQL functional index can be used to reverse the order of a field.
Note (8): PostgreSQL will likely support on-disk bitmap indexes in a future version. Version 8.2 supports a related technique
known as "in-memory bitmap scans".
Note (10): B+ tree and full-text only for now.
Note (11): R-Tree indexing available in base edition with Locator but some functionality requires Personal Edition or Enterprise
Edition with Spatial option
Note (1): Recursive CTEs introduced in 11gR2 supersedes similar construct called CONNECT BY
Note (1): Both
function and procedure refer to internal routines written in SQL and/or procedural language like
PL/SQL.
External routine refers to the one written in the host languages, such as C, Java, Cobol, etc. "Stored procedure" is a commonly used term for these routine types.
However, its definition varies between different database vendors.
Note (2): In Derby, H2, LucidDB, and CUBRID, users code
functions and procedures in Java.
Note (3): ENUM datatype exist. CHECK clause is parsed, but not enforced in runtime.
Note (4): In Drizzle the user codes
functions and procedures in C++.
partitioning methods are supported natively.
Note (1): PostgreSQL 8.1 provides partitioning support through check constraints. Range, List and Hash methods can be emulated
with PL/pgSQL or other procedural languages.[97]
Note (2): RDM Embedded 10.1 requires the application programs to select the correct partition (using range, hash or composite
techniques) when adding data, but the database union functionality allows all partitions to be read as a single database.[98]
Note (1): Network traffic could be transmitted in a secure way (not clear-text,
en general SSL encryption). Precise if option is default, included option or an extra modules to buy.
Note (2): Options are present to set a minimum size for password, respect
complexity like presence of numbers or special characters.
Note (3): How do you get security updates? Is it free access, do you
need a login or to pay? Is there easy access through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through offline access (mail CD-ROM, phone).
Note (4): Does database process run as root/administrator or unprivileged
user? What is default configuration?
Note (5): Is there a separate user to manage special operation like backup
(only dump/restore permissions), security officer (audit), administrator (add user/create database), etc.? Is it default or optional?
Note (6): Common Criteria certified product list[105]
Note (7): FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup operator and security
administrator.
Note (8): User can define a dedicated backup user but nothing particular in default install[106]
Note (9): Authentication methods[107]
Note (10): Informix Dynamic Server supports PAM and other configurable authentication. By default uses OS authentication.
The SQL specification makes clear what an "SQL schema" is; however, different databases implement it incorrectly. To compound this confusion the functionality can, when incorrectly implemented, overlap
with that of the parent-database. An SQL schema is simply a
namespace within a database, things within this namespace are addressed using the member
operator dot "
A true
fully (database, schema, and table) qualified query is exemplified as such:
Now, the issue, both a schema and a database can be used to isolate one table, "foo" from another like named table "foo". The following is pseudo code:
The problem that arises is that former
MySQL users will create multiple databases for one project. In this context, MySQL databases are analogous in function to Postgres-schemas, insomuch as Postgres lacks off-the-shelf cross-database functionality that MySQL has. Conversely,
PostgreSQL has applied more of the specification implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then left room for future cross-database functionality.
MySQL aliases schema with database behind the scenes, such that
database. In summary, Postgres fully supports schemas but lacks some functionality MySQL has with databases, while MySQL does not even attempt to support true schemas.
Oracle has its own spin where creating a user is synonymous with creating a schema. Thus a database administrator can create a user called PROJECT and then create a table PROJECT.TABLE. Users can exist without schema objects, but an object is always associated
with an owner (though that owner may not have privileges to connect to the database). With the Oracle 'shared-everything' RAC architecture, the same database can be opened by multiple servers concurrently. This is independent of replication, which can also
be used, whereby the data is copied for use by different server. In the Oracle view, the 'database' is a set of files which contains the data while the 'instance' is a set of processes (and memory) through which a database is accessed.
Informix supports multiple databases in a server instance, like MySQL. It supports the CREATE SCHEMA syntax as a way to group DDL statements into a single unit creating all objects created as a part of the schema as a single owner. Informix supports a database
mode called ANSI mode which supports creating objects with the same name but owned by different users.
The end result is confusion between the database factions. The Postgres and Oracle communities maintain that one database is all that is needed for one project, per the definition of database. MySQL and Informix proponents maintain that schemas have no legitimate
purpose when the functionality can be achieved with databases. Postgres adheres to the SQL specification, in a more intuitive fashion (bottom-up), while MySQL’s
pragmatic counterargument allows their users to get the job done while creating conceptual confusion.
Comparison of object-relational database management systems
Comparison of database tools
Object Database - some of which have relational (SQL/ODBC) interfaces.
Altibase.
^
NHN Corp.
^
Empress.
^
FileMaker.
^
Firebird SQL.
^
IPL, Firebird SQL.
^
IDPL, Firebird SQL.
^
hsqldb
^
Eigenbase.
^
"MariaDB 5.5.23 Release Notes".
AskMonty KnowledgeBase. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
^
a
b VisualFoxPro.
^
MonetDB Public License, CWI.
^
mSQL, Products, AU: Hughes.
^
Nexus DB.
^
Omnis.
^
OpenBase.
^
OpenLink Software.
^
Oracle Rdb Product Family Compatibility Matrix, Oracle Corporation.
^
Corel.
^
PostgreSQL development group, PostgreSQL community.
^
PostgreSQL 2012-02-27 Security Update, Documentation, PostgreSQL Community.
^
License, PostgreSQL Community.
^
r:Base.
^
RDM Embedded, Raima Inc.
^
RDM Server, Raima Inc..
^
Scimore.
^
SQLBase, Products, Unify.
^
SQLite Release History, SQLite.
^
"Building MariaDB on Mac OS X using Homebrew".
AskMonty KnowledgeBase. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
^
a
b Transactional DDL in PostgreSQL: A Competitive
Analysis
^
SQLite Full Unicode support is optional and not installed by default in most systems (like
Android, Debian…)
^
"MySQL - The InnoDB Storage Engine".
^
"InnoDB - Oracle Wiki".
^
"MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual".
^
Technical Specifications, Guide, Firebird SQL.
^
Library, MSDN, Microsoft.
^
a
b "Column count limit",
Reference Manual, MySQL Documentation, Oracle.
^
"Row-Overflow Considerations",
TechNet Library, SQL Server Documentation, Microsoft.
^
"Date functions",
Language, SQLite.
^
Online books, Sybase.
^
Informix Performance Guide, Info Centre,
IBM.
^
"SQL",
Prod Technol, Tech Net, Microsoft.
^
Archives, Pure, Red Noize.
^
"Materialized Views",
PostgreSQL, Jonathan Gardner.
^
"Derby",
Full Text Indexing, Search, Issues, Apache.
^
Full-text search with DB2 Text Search, Developer Works, IBM.
^
Does Firebird support full-text search?, Firebird FAQ.
^
Fulltext Search, Tutorial, H2 Database.
^
(PDF)
Full Text Search Functions, Documentation, RU: Linter.
^
Does Microsoft Access have Full Text Search?, Questions, Stack
Overflow.
^
"Microsoft SQL Server Full-Text Search",
Library, MSDN, Microsoft.
^
"Spatial Indexing Overview",
Library, Tech Net, Microsoft.
^
"Microsoft SQL Server Compact Full-text search is not available",
Forums, MSDN, Microsoft.
^
"Feature request #4990: Functional Indexes",
Bugs, MySQL, Oracle.
^
"Feature request #13979: InnoDB engine doesn't support FULLTEXT",
Bugs, MySQL, Oracle.
^
Creating Spatial Indexes, MySQL, Oracle.
^
Does Oracle support full text search?, Questions, Stack Overflow
^
"Location Features for Database 11g",
Spatial & Locator, Tech Network, Oracle.
^
Full Text Search], Documentation, PostgreSQL community,
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.4/static/textsearch.html. ^
"4",
Manual, PostGIS, Refractions.
^
Free text search queries in SQL, ScimoreDB.
^
The SQLite R*Tree Module
^
SQLite FTS3 Extension
^
SpatiaLite, IT: Gaia GIS.
^
Full-Text Search, Online Publications, Teradata.
^
UDF, Ad Hoc Data.
^
"Create DB",
Library, MSDN, Microsoft.
^
"SQL",
Library, MSDN, Microsoft.
^
Petkovic, Dusan (2005).
Microsoft SQL Server 2005: A Beginner’s Guide. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 300.
ISBN 978-0-07-226093-9.
^
"Indexed Views",
Library, MSDN.
^
"InnoDB adaptive Hash",
Reference manual, Development documentation, Oracle.
^
How does Drizzle handle parallel "things"?
^
"Article",
Library, Developer Works, IBM.
^
New Features in HyperSQL 2.2
^
New Features in HyperSQL 2.2
^
H2 > Advanced > Recursive Queries
^
H2 Roadmap
^
Informix parallel data query (PDQ)
^
"SQL Server Parallel Query Processing",
Library, MSDN, Microsoft.
^
"Feature request #16244: SQL-99 Derived table WITH clause (CTE)",
Bugs, MySQL, Oracle.
^
"Feature request #1542: Parallel query",
Bugs, MySQL, Oracle.
^
Parallel Query, Wiki, Ora FAQ
^
PostgreSQL lacks parallel query processing, Mark Mail.
^
"Data Types",
CUBRID SQL Guide, Reference Manual, CUBRID.
^
Built-in Column Types, Documents, Drizzle.
^
"General: HSQLDB data types",
Guide, Documents, HSQLDB.
^
, Publications, IBM, http://www.ibm.com/shop/publications/order?CTY=US&FNC=SRX&PBL=SC23-7750-04. ^
"3: Understanding SQL Data Types",
SQL Reference Guide, Doucments, Ingres.
^
"SQL Server Data Types",
Library, MSDN, Microsoft.
^
"SQL Server Compact Data Types",
Library, MSDN, Microsoft.
^
"10. Data Types",
Reference manual, MySQL, Oracle.
^
"Data Types",
SQL Reference, Server documents, Oracle
^
"Data Types",
Manual, Documents, PostgreSQL community.
^
"Defining a Database",
SQL Reference, Raima
^
"Defining Table Columns",
SQL Reference, Raima
^
Datatypes, SQLite.
^
"Release",
Documents, Developer, PostgreSQL community.
^
"5.11 Database Unions",
User's Guide, Raima.
^
Support, Downloads, Sybase.
^
"Release",
Engine, Development, Firebird SQL.
^
Files, Firebird SQL.
^
"Downloads",
Development, MySQL, Oracle.
^
Security, Support, PostgreSQL community.
^
Download, SQLite.
^
DB, Products, Common Criteria Portal.
^
Backup MySQL, How to, Gentoo wiki.
^
Authentication methods, Documents, PostgreSQL community.
Jump to:
navigation,search
relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. This article is not all-inclusive or necessarily up to date. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions
without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.
Contents1General information 2 Timeline 3 Operating system support 4 Fundamental features 5 Limits 6 Tables and views 7 Indexes 8 Database capabilities 9 Data types 10 Other objects 11 Partitioning 12 Access control 13 Databases vs schemas (terminology) 14 See also 15 References 16 External links |
General information
| Maintainer | First public release date | Latest stable version | Latest release date | Software license | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4D (4th Dimension) | 4D s.a.s | 1984 | v12.2 SQL | Proprietary | |
| ADABAS | Software AG | 1970 | 8.1 | Proprietary | |
| Adaptive Server Enterprise | Sybase | 1987 | 15.7 | Proprietary | |
| Advantage Database Server (ADS) | Sybase | 1992 | 10.1 | 2010-12 | Proprietary |
| Altibase | Altibase Corp.[1] | 2000-07 | 5.1.1 | Proprietary | |
| Apache Derby | Apache | 2004 | 10.8.2.2 | 2011-10-24 | Apache License |
| CUBRID | NHN Corporation[2] | 2008-11 | 8.4.1 | 2012-02-24 | GPL v2 |
| Datacom | CA, Inc. | ? | 11.2 | Proprietary | |
| DB2 | IBM | 1983 | 10.1 | 2012-04-30 | Proprietary |
| Drizzle | Brian Aker | 2008 | Build 1126 | BSD, GPL v2 | |
| Empress Embedded Database | Empress Software Inc[3] | 1979 | 10.20 | 2010-03 | Proprietary |
| FileMaker | FileMaker[4] | 1984 | 12.0 | 2012-04-12 | Proprietary |
| Firebird | Firebird project[5] | 2000-07-25 | 2.5.1 | 2011-10-04 | IPL[6] and IDPL[7] |
| HSQLDB | HSQL Development Group | 2001 | 2.2.6[8] | 2011-11-20 | BSD |
| H2 | H2 Software | 2005 | 1.3.160 | 2011-09-11 | EPL and modified MPL |
| Informix Dynamic Server | IBM | 1980 | 11.70.xC4 | 2011-03-28 | Proprietary |
| Ingres | Ingres Corp. | 1974 | Ingres Database 10 | 2010-10-12 | GPL and Proprietary |
| InterBase | Embarcadero | 1984 | InterBase XE | 2010-09-21 | Proprietary |
| Linter SQL RDBMS | RELEX Group | 1990 | 6.x | Proprietary | |
| LucidDB | The Eigenbase Project[9] | 2007-01 | 0.9.3 | GPL v2 | |
| MariaDB | MariaDB Community | 2010-02-01 | 5.5.23[10] | 2012-04-11 | GPL v2 |
| MaxDB | SAP AG | 2003-05 | 7.6 | 2008-01 | Proprietary |
| Microsoft Access (JET) | Microsoft | 1992 | 14 (2010) | Proprietary | |
| Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Microsoft | 1984[11] | 9 (2005) | 2007-10-11[11] | Proprietary |
| Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft | 1989 | 2012 (v11) | Proprietary | |
| Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Microsoft | 2000 | 2010 (v3.5 SP2) | Proprietary | |
| MonetDB/SQL | The MonetDB Developer Team | 2004 | 11.9.1 | 2012-04 | MonetDB Public License v1.1[12] |
| mSQL | Hughes Technologies | 1994 | 3.9[13] | 2011-02 | Proprietary |
| MySQL | Sun Microsystems (now Oracle Corporation) | 1995-11 | 5.5.17 | 2011-10-21 | GPL or Proprietary |
| Nexusdb | Nexus Database Systems Pty Ltd[14] | 2003-09 | 3.04 | 2010-05-08 | Proprietary |
| HP NonStop SQL | Hewlett-Packard | 1987 | SQL/MX 2.3 | Proprietary | |
| Omnis Studio | TigerLogic Inc[15] | 1982-07 | 4.3.1 Release 1no | 2008-05 | Proprietary |
| OpenBase SQL | OpenBase International[16] | 1991 | 11.0.0 | Proprietary | |
| OpenEdge | Progress Software Corporation | 1984 | 11.0 | Proprietary | |
| OpenLink Virtuoso | OpenLink Software[17] | 1998 | 6.x | 2011-11 | GPL or Proprietary |
| Oracle | Oracle Corporation | 1979-11 | 11g Release 2 | 2009-09 | Proprietary |
| Oracle Rdb | Oracle Corporation | 1984 | 7.2.5.0 | 2011-06-20[18] | Proprietary |
| Paradox | Corel Corporation[19] | 1985 | 11 | 2003 | Proprietary |
| Pervasive PSQL | Pervasive Software | 1982 | 11 | 2011-07 | Proprietary |
| Polyhedra DBMS | ENEA AB | 1993 | 8.5 | 2011-06 | Proprietary |
| PostgreSQL | PostgreSQL Global Development Group[20] | 1989-06 | 9.1.3[21] | 2012-02-27 | PostgreSQL Licence (a liberal Open Source license)[22] |
| R:Base | R:BASE Technologies[23] | 1982 | 7.6 | Proprietary | |
| RDM Embedded | Raima Inc.[24] | 1984 | 10.1 | 2011-08-31 | Proprietary |
| RDM Server | Raima Inc.[25] | 1993 | 8.3 | Proprietary | |
| ScimoreDB | Scimore[26] | 2005 | 3.0 | 2008-03-03 | Proprietary |
| SmallSQL | SmallSQL | 2005-04-16 | 0.20 | 2008-12 | LGPL |
| SQL Anywhere | Sybase | 1992 | 12.0 | 2010-07-09 | Proprietary |
| SQLBase | Unify Corp.[27] | 1982 | 11.5 | 2008-11 | Proprietary |
| SQLite | D. Richard Hipp | 2000-08-17 | 3.7.6.3 | 2011-05-19[28] | Public domain |
| Superbase | Superbase | 1984 | Scientific (2004) | Proprietary | |
| Teradata | Teradata | 1984 | 13.10 | Proprietary | |
| UniData | Rocket Software | 1988 | 7.2.12 | 2011-10 | Proprietary |
| Xeround Cloud Database | Xeround Systems | 2010 | 3.1 | 2011-10-11 | SaaS |
Timeline
Timeline of the development of major RDBMS software:
Operating system support
Theoperating systems that the RDBMSes can run on.
| Windows | Mac OS X | Linux | BSD | UNIX | AmigaOS | Symbian | z/OS1 | iOS | Android | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th Dimension | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| ADABAS | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Advantage Database Server | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Altibase | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Apache Derby2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | No |
| CUBRID | Yes | Partial10 | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Drizzle | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| DB25 | Yes | Yes (Express C) | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Empress Embedded Database | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| Firebird | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Maybe | No | No |
| HSQLDB2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | ? |
| H22 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | ? |
| FileMaker | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Ingres | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Partial | No | No |
| InterBase | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes (Solaris) | No | No | No | No | No |
| Linter SQL RDBMS6 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes6 | No | No | No | ? | Yes |
| LucidDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| MariaDB | Yes | Yes[29] | Yes | Maybe | Yes | No | No | No | ? | ? |
| MaxDB | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Maybe | No | No |
| Microsoft Access (JET) | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Microsoft SQL Server | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| MonetDB/SQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | ? | ? |
| MySQL8 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | No |
| Omnis Studio | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| OpenBase SQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| OpenEdge | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Oracle4 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Oracle Rdb3 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Pervasive PSQL | Yes | Yes (OEM only) | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Polyhedra7 | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| PostgreSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| R:Base | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| RDM Embedded | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| RDM Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| ScimoreDB | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| SmallSQL2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| SQL Anywhere | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes |
| SQLBase | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| SQLite | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Maybe | Yes | Yes |
| Superbase | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Teradata | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| UniData | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| UniVerse | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Xeround Cloud Database | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Fundamental features
Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively.Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommited transaction isolation.
Version 1.9 adds serializable isolation and version 2.0 will be fully ACID compliant.
Note (2):MySQL provides ACID compliance through the default InnoDB storage engine.[32][33]
Note (3):"For other [than InnoDB] storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the FOREIGN KEY and REFERENCES syntax
in CREATE TABLE statements. The CHECK clause is parsed but ignored by all storage engines."[34]
Note (4): Support for Unicode is new in version 10.0.
Limits
Information about data size limits.| Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th Dimension | limited | ? | ? | 65135 | 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode) | 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode) | 64 bits | ? | ? | ? |
| Advantage Database Server | Unlimited | 16 EiB | 65530 B | 65135 / (10+ AvgFieldNameLength) | 4 GiB | ? | 64 bits | ? | ? | 128 |
| Apache Derby | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | 1012 (5000 in views) | 2 147 483 647 chars | 254 (VARCHAR: 32672) | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 |
| CUBRID | 2 EB | 2 EB | Unlimited | 6400 | Unlimited | 1 GB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 254 |
| Drizzle | Unlimited | 64 TB | 8 kB | 1000 | 4 GB (longtext, longblob) | 64 kB (text) | 64 bits | 0001 | 9999 | 64 |
| DB2 | 512 TiB | 512 TB | 32 677 B | 1012 | 2 GB | 32 KiB) | 64 bits | 0001 | 9999 | 128 |
| Empress Embedded Database | Unlimited | 263-1 bytes | 2 GB | 32767 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 64 bits | 0000-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 32 |
| FileMaker | 8TB | 8TB | 8TB | 256,000,000 | 4GB | 10^9 characters | 10^9 numbers w/ range 10^-400 to 10^400 | 0001-01-01 | 4000-12-31 | 100 |
| Firebird | Unlimited1 | ~32 TB | 65 536 B | Depends on data types used. | 2 GB | 32 767 B | 64 bits | 100 | 32768 | 31 |
| HSQLDB | 64 TB | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | 64 TB7 | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | 128 |
| H2 | 64 TB | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | 64 TB7 | Unlimited8 | 64 bits | -99999999 | 99999999 | Unlimited8 |
| Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size | |
| Informix Dynamic Server | ~128 PB | ~128 PB | 32 765 bytes (exclusive of large objects) | 32765 | 4 TB | 32765 | 1032 | 01/01/000110 | 12/31/9999 | 128 bytes |
| Ingres | Unlimited | Unlimited | 256 kB | 1024 | 2 GB | 32 000 B | 64 bits | 0001 | 9999 | 32 |
| InterBase | Unlimited1 | ~32 TB | 65 536 B | Depends on data types used. | 2 GB | 32 767 B | 64 bits | 100 | 32768 | 31 |
| Linter SQL RDBMS | Unlimited | 230 rows | 64 kB (w/o BLOBs), 4 GB (BLOB) | 250 | 4 GB | 4 kB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 2099-12-31 | 128 |
| Microsoft Access (JET) | 2 GB | 2 GB | 16 MB | 255 | 64 kB (memo field), 1 GB ("OLE Object" field) | 255 B (text field) | 32 bits | 0100 | 9999 | 64 |
| Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Unlimited | 2 GB | 65 500 B | 255 | 2 GB | 16 MB | 32 bits | 0001 | 9999 | ? |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 524 258 TB (32 767 files * 16 TB max file size) | 524 258 TB | 8060 bytes (Unlimited)6 | 30000 | 2 GB | 2 GB6 | 126 bits2 | 0001 | 9999 | 128 |
| Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | 4 GB | 4 GB | 8060 bytes | 1024 | 500 MB | 4000 | 126 bits 2 | 0001 | 9999 | 128 |
| MySQL 5 | Unlimited | MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; Innodb storage limits: 64 TB | 64 kB3 | 40964 | 4 GB (longtext, longblob) | 64 kB (text) | 64 bits | 1000 | 9999 | 64 |
| OpenLink Virtuoso | 32 TB | DB size (or 32 TB) | 4K | 200 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 2**31 | 0 | 9999 | 100 |
| Oracle | Unlimited (4 GB * block size per tablespace) | 4 GB * block size (with BIGFILE tablespace) | 8 kB | 1000 | Unlimited | 4000 B | 126 bits | -4712 | 9999 | 30 |
| Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size | |
| Polyhedra | Limited by available RAM, address space | 232 rows | Unlimited | 65536 | 4 GB (subject to RAM) | 4 GB (subject to RAM) | 32 bits | 0001-01-01 | 8000-12-31 | 255 |
| PostgreSQL | Unlimited | 32 TB | 1.6 TB | 250-1600 depending on type | 1 GB (text, bytea) - stored inline or 2 GB (stored in pg_largeobject) | 1 GB | Unlimited | -4713 | 5874897 | 63 |
| RDM Embedded | Unlimited | 248-1 rows | 32 KB | 1000 | 4 GB | char: 256, varchar: 4 KB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 11758978-12-31 | 31 |
| RDM Server | Unlimited | 264-1 rows | 32 KB | 32768 | Unlimited | 32 KB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 11758978-12-31 | 32 |
| ScimoreDB | Unlimited | 16 EB | 8050 B | 255 | 16 TB | 8000 B | 64 bits | ? | ? | ? |
| SQL Anywhere | 104 TB (13 files, each file up to 8 TB (32k pages)) | Limited by file size | Limited by file size | 45000 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 64 bits | 0001-01-01 | 9999-12-31 | ? |
| SQLite | 128 TB (231 pages * 64 kB max page size) | Limited by file size | Limited by file size | 32767 | 2 GB | 2 GB | 64 bits | No DATE type9 | No DATE type9 | Unlimited |
| Teradata | Unlimited | Unlimited | 64 kB wo/lobs (64 GB w/lobs) | 2048 | 2 GB | 10 000 | 64 bits | ? | 9999-12-31 Select 80991231 (date); | 30 |
| UniVerse | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited | Unlimited |
| Xeround Cloud Database | Unlimited | Unlimited | 32GB, depending on available memory | 1000 | 4GB | 64K | 64 bits | 1000 | 9999 | 64 |
| Max DB size | Max table size | Max row size | Max columns per row | Max Blob/Clob size | Max CHAR size | Max NUMBER size | Min DATE value | Max DATE value | Max column name size |
Firebird 1.5.x maximum database size: 32 TB.
Note (2): limit is 1038using
DECIMALdatatype[36]
Note (3): InnoDB is limited to 8,000 bytes (excluding
VARBINARY,
VARCHAR,
BLOB, or
TEXTcolumns)[37]
Note (4): InnoDB is limited to 1,000 columns[37]
Note (6): Using
VARCHAR (MAX)in SQL 2005 and later[38]
Note (7): When using a page size of 32 kB, and when BLOB/CLOB data is stored in the database file.
Note (8): Java array size limit of 2,147,483,648 (231) objects per array applies. This limit applies to number
of characters in names, rows per table, columns per table, and characters per
CHAR/
VARCHAR.
Note (9): Despite the lack of a date datatype, SQLite does include date and time functions,[39]
which work for timestamps between 0000-01-01 00:00:00 and 5352-11-01 10:52:47.
Note (10): Informix DATETIME type has adjustable range from YEAR only through 1/10000th second. DATETIME date range is
0001-01-01 00:00:00.00000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999.
Tables and views
Information about whattables and
views (other than basic ones) are supported natively.
| Temporary table | Materialized view | |
|---|---|---|
| 4th Dimension | Yes | Planned for inclusion in next major release |
| ADABAS | ? | ? |
| Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes1 | No |
| Advantage Database Server | Yes | No (only common views) |
| Altibase | Yes | Yes |
| Apache Derby | Yes | No |
| CUBRID | No | No |
| Drizzle | Yes | No4 |
| DB2 | Yes | Yes |
| Empress Embedded Database | Yes | Yes |
| Firebird | Yes | No (only common views) |
| HSQLDB | Yes | No |
| H2 | Yes | No |
| Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | No2 |
| Ingres | Yes | Planned for inclusion in next major release |
| InterBase | Yes | No |
| Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes | Yes |
| LucidDB | No | No |
| MaxDB | Yes | No |
| Microsoft Access (JET) | No | No |
| Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Yes | Yes |
| Microsoft SQL Server | Yes | Yes3 |
| Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Yes | No |
| MonetDB/SQL | Yes | No |
| MySQL | Yes | No4 |
| OpenBase SQL | Yes | Yes |
| Oracle | Yes | Yes |
| Oracle Rdb | Yes | Yes |
| OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | Yes |
| Polyhedra DBMS | No | No (only common views) |
| PostgreSQL | Yes | No5 |
| RDM Embedded | Yes | No |
| RDM Server | Yes | No |
| SQL Anywhere | Yes | Yes |
| ScimoreDB | No | No |
| SQLite | Yes | No |
| Teradata | Yes | Yes |
| UniData | Yes | No |
| UniVerse | Yes | No |
| Xeround Cloud Database | Yes | No |
Note (2): Materialized views are not supported in Informix; the term is used in IBM’s documentation to refer to a temporary table
created to run the view’s query when it is too complex, but one cannot for example define the way it is refreshed or build an index on it. The term is defined in the Informix Performance Guide.[41]
Note (3):
Query optimizer support only in Developer and Enterprise Editions. In other versions, a direct reference to materialized view and a query hint are required.[42]
Note (4): Materialized views can be emulated using
stored procedures and triggers.[43]
Note (5): Materialized views can be emulated with stored procedures and triggers using
PL/pgSQL,
PL/Perl, PL/Python, or other procedural languages.[44]
Indexes
Information about whatindexes (other than basic
B-/B+ tree indexes) are supported natively.
| R-/R+ tree | Hash | Expression | Partial | Reverse | Bitmap | GiST | GIN | Full-text | Spatial | FOT | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th Dimension | ? | Cluster | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| ADABAS | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| Adaptive Server Enterprise | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | ? | |
| Advantage Database Server | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | |
| Apache Derby | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No[45] | ? | |
| CUBRID | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | ? | ? | |
| Drizzle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | |
| DB2 | No | ? | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes[46] | ? | |
| Empress Embedded Database | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | ? | |
| Firebird | No | No | Yes | No | Yes 1 | No | No | No | No[47] | ? | |
| HSQLDB | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | |
| H2 | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[48] | ? | |
| Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ingres | Yes | Yes | Ingres v10 | No | No | Ingres v10 | No | No | No | ? | |
| InterBase | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | |
| Linter SQL RDBMS10 | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[49] | ? | |
| LucidDB | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | ? | |
| MaxDB | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | |
| Microsoft Access (JET) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No[50] | ? | |
| Microsoft Visual Foxpro | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes2 | Yes | No | No | No | ? | |
| Microsoft SQL Server | ? | Non/Cluster & fill factor | Yes3 | Yes4 | No3 | No | No | No | Yes[51] | Yes[52] | |
| Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No[53] | ? | |
| MonetDB/SQL | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? | |
| MySQL | MyISAM tables only | MEMORY, Cluster (NDB), InnoDB,5 tables only | No[54] | No | No | No | No | No | MyISAM tables only[55] | MyISAM tables only[56] | ? |
| Oracle | Yes 11 | Cluster Tables | Yes | Yes 6 | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes[57] | Yes[58] | |
| Oracle Rdb | No | Yes | ? | No | No | ? | No | No | ? | ? | |
| OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | Cluster | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | |
| Polyhedra DBMS | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | ? | ? | |
| PostgreSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes7 | Yes8 | Yes | Yes | Yes[59] | PostGIS[60] | |
| RDM Embedded | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| RDM Server | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| ScimoreDB | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes[61] | ? | |
| SQL Anywhere | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | ? | |
| SQLite | Yes[62] | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes[63] | SpatiaLite[64] | |
| Teradata | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | ?[65] | ? | |
| UniVerse | Yes | Yes | Yes3 | Yes3 | Yes3 | No | No | No | ? | ? | |
| Xeround Cloud Database | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | |
| R-/R+ tree | Hash | Expression | Partial | Reverse | Bitmap | GiST | GIN | Full-text | Spatial | FOT |
Note (2): Can be implemented for most data types using expression-based indexes.
Note (3): Can be emulated by indexing a computed column[67]
(doesn't easily update) or by using an "Indexed View"[68] (proper name not
just any view works[69])
Note (4): Can be implemented by using an indexed view.[70]
Note (5): InnoDB automatically generates adaptive hash index[71]
entries as needed.
Note (6): Can be implemented using Function-based Indexes in Oracle 8i and higher, but the function needs to be used in the
sql for the index to be used.
Note (7): A PostgreSQL functional index can be used to reverse the order of a field.
Note (8): PostgreSQL will likely support on-disk bitmap indexes in a future version. Version 8.2 supports a related technique
known as "in-memory bitmap scans".
Note (10): B+ tree and full-text only for now.
Note (11): R-Tree indexing available in base edition with Locator but some functionality requires Personal Edition or Enterprise
Edition with Spatial option
Database capabilities
| Union | Intersect | Except | Inner joins | Outer joins | Inner selects | Merge joins | Blobs and Clobs | Common Table Expressions | Windowing Functions | Parallel Query | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th Dimension | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
| ADABAS | Yes | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes |
| Advantage Database Server | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | No | ? |
| Altibase | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
| Apache Derby | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | No | No | ? |
| CUBRID | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | ? |
| Drizzle | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No[72] |
| DB2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[73] |
| Empress Embedded Database | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
| Firebird | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
| HSQLDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[74] | Yes | Yes | No | Yes[75] |
| H2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | experimental[76] | No[77] | ? |
| Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | ? | Yes, via MINUS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes[78] |
| Ingres | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | ? |
| InterBase | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
| Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ? |
| LucidDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ? | ? | ? |
| MaxDB | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
| Microsoft Access (JET) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | ? |
| Microsoft Visual Foxpro | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
| Microsoft SQL Server | Yes | Yes (2005 and beyond) | Yes (2005 and beyond) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes[79] |
| Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | ? | No | Yes | No | No | ? |
| MonetDB/SQL | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| MySQL | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No[80] | No | No[81] |
| OpenBase SQL | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
| Oracle | Yes | Yes | Yes, via MINUS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes 1 | Yes | Yes[82] |
| Oracle Rdb | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
| OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
| Polyhedra DBMS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ? | ? | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
| PostgreSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No[83] |
| RDM Embedded | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| RDM Server | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| ScimoreDB | Yes | ? | ? | Yes | LEFT only | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | ? |
| SmallSQL | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| SQL Anywhere | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| SQLite | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | LEFT only | Yes | ? | Yes | No | No | ? |
| Teradata | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| UniVerse | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | ? |
| Xeround Cloud Database | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| Union | Intersect | Except | Inner joins | Outer joins | Inner selects | Merge joins | Blobs and Clobs | Common Table Expressions | Windowing Functions | Parallel Query |
Data types
| Type system | Integer | Floating point | Decimal | String | Binary | Date/Time | Boolean | Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CUBRID[84] | Static | SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | FLOAT, REAL(32-bit), DOUBLE(64-bit) | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, CLOB | BLOB | DATE, DATETIME, TIME, TIMESTAMP | BIT | MONETARY, BIT VARYING, SET, MULTISET, SEQUENCE |
| Drizzle[85] | Static | INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit) | DECIMAL | BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, | BLOB | DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP | ENUM, SERIAL | |
| Empress Embedded Database | Static | TINYINT, SQL_TINYINT or INTEGER8 SMALLINT, SQL_SMALLINT or INTEGER16 INTEGER, INT, SQL_INTEGER or INTEGER32 BIGINT, SQL_BIGINT or INTEGER64 | REAL, SQL_REAL or FLOAT32 DOUBLE PRECISION, SQL_DOUBLE or FLOAT64 FLOAT or SQL_FLOAT EFLOAT | DECIMAL, DEC, NUMERIC, SQL_DECIMAL or SQL_NUMERIC DOLLAR | CHARACTER, ECHARACTER, CHARACTER VARYING, NATIONAL CHARACTER, NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING and NLSCHARACTER CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, TEXT, NATIONAL CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, and NLSTEXT | BINARY LARGE OBJECT or BLOB BULK | DATE, EDATE, TIME, ETIME, EPOCH_TIME, TIMESTAMP, MICROTIMESTAMP | BOOLEAN | SEQUENCE 32 SEQUENCE |
| HSQLDB[86] | Static | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | DOUBLE (64-bit) | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, VARCHAR, LONGVARCHAR, CLOB | BINARY, VARBINARY, LONGVARBINARY, BLOB | DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL | BOOLEAN | OTHER (object), BIT, BIT VARYING, ARRAY |
| Informix Dynamic Server[87] | Static | SMALLINT (16-bit), INT (32-bit), INT8 (64-bit proprietary), BIGINT (64-bit) | SMALLFLOAT (32-bit), FLOAT (64-bit) | DECIMAL (32 digits float/fixed), MONEY | CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, LVARCHAR, CLOB, TEXT | TEXT, BYTE, BLOB, CLOB | DATE, DATETIME, INTERVAL | BOOLEAN | SET, LIST, MULTISET, ROW, TIMESERIES, SPATIAL, USER DEFINED TYPES |
| Ingres[88] | Static | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | FLOAT4 (32-bit), FLOAT (64-bit) | DECIMAL | C, CHAR, VARCHAR, LONG VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, LONG NVARCHAR, TEXT | BYTE, VARBYTE, LONG VARBYTE (BLOB) | DATE, ANSIDATE, INGRESDATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL | N/A | MONEY, OBJECT_KEY, TABLE_KEY, USER-DEFINED DATA TYPES (via OME) |
| Microsoft SQL Server[89] | Static | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT | FLOAT, REAL | NUMERIC, DECIMAL, SMALLMONEY, MONEY | CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, NTEXT | BINARY, VARBINARY, IMAGE, FILESTREAM | DATE, DATETIMEOFFSET, DATETIME2, SMALLDATETIME, DATETIME, TIME | BIT | CURSOR, TIMESTAMP, HIERARCHYID, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, SQL_VARIANT, XML, TABLE |
| Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)[90] | Static | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT | FLOAT, REAL | NUMERIC, DECIMAL, MONEY | NCHAR, NVARCHAR, NTEXT | BINARY, VARBINARY, IMAGE | DATETIME | BIT | TIMESTAMP, ROWVERSION, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, IDENTITY, ROWGUIDCOL |
| MySQL[91] | Static | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit) | DECIMAL | CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT | TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB | DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR | BOOLEAN (aka BOOL) = synonym for TINYINT | ENUM, SET, GIS data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon) |
| Oracle[92] | Static + Dynamic (through ANYDATA) | NUMBER | BINARY_FLOAT, BINARY_DOUBLE | NUMBER | CHAR, VARCHAR2, CLOB, NCLOB, NVARCHAR2, NCHAR | BLOB, RAW, LONGRAW, BFILE | DATE, TIMESTAMP (with/without TIMEZONE), INTERVAL | N/A | SPATIAL, IMAGE, AUDIO, VIDEO, DICOM, XMLType |
| Polyhedra | Static | INTEGER8 (8-bit), INTEGER(16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit) | FLOAT32 (32-bit), FLOAT (aka REAL; 64-bit) | N/A | VARCHAR, LARGE VARCHAR (aka CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT) | LARGE BINARY (aka BINARY LARGE OBJECT) | DATETIME | BOOLEAN | N/A |
| PostgreSQL[93] | Static | SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE PRECISION (64-bit) | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT | BYTEA | DATE, TIME (with/without TIMEZONE), TIMESTAMP (with/without TIMEZONE), INTERVAL | BOOLEAN | ENUM, POINT, LINE, LSEG, BOX, PATH, POLYGON, CIRCLE, CIDR, INET, MACADDR, BIT, UUID, XML, arrays |
| RDM Embedded[94] | Static | tinyint, smallint, integer, bigint | real, float, double | N/A | char, varchar, wchar, varwchar, long varchar, long varwchar | binary, varbinary, long varbinary | date, time, timestamp | bit | N/A |
| RDM Server[95] | Static | tinyint, smallint, integer, bigint | real, float, double | decimal, numeric | char, varchar, wchar, varwchar, long varchar, long varwchar | binary, varbinary, long varbinary | date, time, timestamp | bit | rowid |
| SQLite[96] | Dynamic | INTEGER (64-bit) | REAL (aka FLOAT, DOUBLE) (64-bit) | N/A | TEXT (aka CHAR, CLOB) | BLOB | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UniData | Dynamic | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UniVerse | Dynamic | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Xeround Cloud Database | Static | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit) | FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit) | DECIMAL | CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT | TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB | DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR | BOOLEAN (aka BOOL) = synonym for TINYINT | ENUM, SET |
| Type system | Integer | Floating point | Decimal | String | Binary | Date/Time | Boolean | Other |
Other objects
Information about what other objects are supported natively.| Data Domain | Cursor | Trigger | Function 1 | Procedure 1 | External routine 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th Dimension | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| ADABAS | ? | Yes | ? | Yes? | Yes? | ? |
| Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Advantage Database Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Apache Derby | No | Yes | Yes | Yes 2 | Yes 2 | Yes 2 |
| CUBRID | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes 2 | Yes |
| Drizzle | Yes | Yes | Yes 4 | Yes 4 | Yes 4 | Yes 4 |
| Empress Embedded Database | Yes via RANGE CHECK | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| DB2 | Yes via CHECK CONSTRAINT | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Firebird | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| HSQLDB | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| H2 | Yes | No | Yes 2 | Yes 2 | Yes 2 | Yes |
| Informix Dynamic Server | Yes via CHECK | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ingres | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| InterBase | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Linter SQL RDBMS | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| LucidDB | No | Yes | No | Yes 2 | Yes 2 | Yes 2 |
| MaxDB | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
| Microsoft Access (JET) | Yes | No | No | No | Yes, But single DML/DDL Operation | Yes |
| Microsoft Visual Foxpro | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Microsoft SQL Server | Yes (2000 and beyond) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| MonetDB | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| MySQL | No 3 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| OpenBase SQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Oracle | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Oracle Rdb | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Polyhedra DBMS | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| PostgreSQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| RDM Embedded | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| RDM Server | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| ScimoreDB | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| SQL Anywhere | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| SQLite | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Teradata | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| UniData | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| UniVerse | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Xeround Cloud Database | No 3 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Data Domain | Cursor | Trigger | Function 1 | Procedure 1 | External routine 1 |
function and procedure refer to internal routines written in SQL and/or procedural language like
PL/SQL.
External routine refers to the one written in the host languages, such as C, Java, Cobol, etc. "Stored procedure" is a commonly used term for these routine types.
However, its definition varies between different database vendors.
Note (2): In Derby, H2, LucidDB, and CUBRID, users code
functions and procedures in Java.
Note (3): ENUM datatype exist. CHECK clause is parsed, but not enforced in runtime.
Note (4): In Drizzle the user codes
functions and procedures in C++.
Partitioning
Information about whatpartitioning methods are supported natively.
| Range | Hash | Composite (Range+Hash) | List | Expression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th Dimension | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| ADABAS | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | |
| Advantage Database Server | No | No | No | No | |
| Apache Derby | No | No | No | No | |
| CUBRID | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | |
| IBM DB2 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Empress Embedded Database | No | No | No | No | |
| Firebird | No | No | No | No | |
| HSQLDB | No | No | No | No | |
| H2 | No | No | No | No | |
| Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ingres | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| InterBase | No | No | No | No | |
| Linter SQL RDBMS | No | No | No | No | |
| MaxDB | No | No | No | No | |
| Microsoft Access (JET) | No | No | No | No | |
| Microsoft Visual Foxpro | No | No | No | No | |
| Microsoft SQL Server | Yes | No | No | No | |
| Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No | No | No | No | |
| MonetDB | Yes (M5) | Yes (M5) | Yes (M5) | No | |
| MySQL | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| OpenBase SQL | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| Oracle | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Oracle Rdb | Yes | Yes | ? | ? | |
| OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes | No | No | No | |
| Polyhedra DBMS | No | No | No | No | |
| PostgreSQL | Yes1 | Yes1 | Yes1 | Yes1 | |
| RDM Embedded | Yes2 | Yes2 | Yes2 | No | |
| RDM Server | No | No | No | No | |
| ScimoreDB | No | Yes | No | No | |
| SQL Anywhere | No | No | No | No | |
| SQLite | No | No | No | No | |
| Teradata | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| UniVerse | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Xeround Cloud Database | N/A - partitioning provided transparently | N/A - partitioning provided transparently | N/A - partitioning provided transparently | N/A - partitioning provided transparently | |
| Range | Hash | Composite (Range+Hash) | List |
with PL/pgSQL or other procedural languages.[97]
Note (2): RDM Embedded 10.1 requires the application programs to select the correct partition (using range, hash or composite
techniques) when adding data, but the database union functionality allows all partitions to be read as a single database.[98]
Access control
Information about access control functionalities (work in progress).| Native network encryption1 | Brute-force protection | Enterprise directory compatibility | Password complexity rules2 | Patch access3 | Run unprivileged4 | Audit | Resource limit | Separation of duties (RBAC)5 | Security Certification | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes (optional; to pay) | Yes | Yes (optional ?) | Yes | Partial (need to register; depend on which product)[99] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (EAL4+ 1) |
| Advantage Database Server | Yes | No | No | No | ? | Yes | No | No | Yes | ? |
| DB2 | Yes | ? | Yes (LDAP, Kerberos…) | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (EAL4+6) |
| Empress Embedded Database | ? | ? | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| Firebird | No | Yes[100] | Yes (Windows trusted authenification) | No | Partial (no security page)[101] | Yes | No | No | No7 | ? |
| HSQLDB | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No |
| H2 | Yes | Yes | ? | No | ? | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | No |
| Informix Dynamic Server | Yes | ? | Yes10 | ?10 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
| Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes (with SSL) | Yes | No | Yes (length only) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| MySQL | Yes (SSL with 4.0) | No | Yes (with 5.5) | No | Partial (no security page)[102] | Yes | ? | ? | ?8 | No |
| OpenBase SQL | Yes | ? | Yes (Open Directory, LDAP) | No | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| Microsoft SQL Server | Yes | ? | Yes (Microsoft Active Directory) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (From 2008) | Yes | Yes | Yes (EAL1+1) |
| Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No (not relevant, only file permissions) | No (not relevant) | No (not relevant) | No (not relevant) | Yes | Yes (file access) | Yes | Yes | No | ? |
| Oracle | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (EAL4+1) |
| PostgreSQL | Yes | Yes (for 9.1) | Yes (LDAP, Kerberos…9) | Yes (as of 9.0 with passwordcheck module) | Yes[103] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes (EAL11) |
| RDM Embedded | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| RDM Server | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| SQL Anywhere | Yes | ? | Yes (Kerberos) | Yes | ? | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes (EAL3+1 as Adaptive Server Anywhere) |
| SQLite | No (not relevant, only file permissions) | No (not relevant) | No (not relevant) | No (not relevant) | Partial (no security page)[104] | Yes (file access) | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Xeround Cloud Database | Yes (SSL with 4.0) | No | No | No | N/A - database as a service | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Native network encryption1 | Brute-force protection | Enterprise directory compatibility | Password complexity rules2 | Patch access3 | Run unprivileged4 | Audit | Resource limit | Separation of duties (RBAC)5 | Security Certification |
en general SSL encryption). Precise if option is default, included option or an extra modules to buy.
Note (2): Options are present to set a minimum size for password, respect
complexity like presence of numbers or special characters.
Note (3): How do you get security updates? Is it free access, do you
need a login or to pay? Is there easy access through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through offline access (mail CD-ROM, phone).
Note (4): Does database process run as root/administrator or unprivileged
user? What is default configuration?
Note (5): Is there a separate user to manage special operation like backup
(only dump/restore permissions), security officer (audit), administrator (add user/create database), etc.? Is it default or optional?
Note (6): Common Criteria certified product list[105]
Note (7): FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup operator and security
administrator.
Note (8): User can define a dedicated backup user but nothing particular in default install[106]
Note (9): Authentication methods[107]
Note (10): Informix Dynamic Server supports PAM and other configurable authentication. By default uses OS authentication.
Databases vs schemas (terminology)
 | This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (June 2010) |
with that of the parent-database. An SQL schema is simply a
namespace within a database, things within this namespace are addressed using the member
operator dot "
.". This seems to be a universal amongst all of the implementations.
A true
fully (database, schema, and table) qualified query is exemplified as such:
SELECT * FROM database.schema.table
Now, the issue, both a schema and a database can be used to isolate one table, "foo" from another like named table "foo". The following is pseudo code:
SELECT * FROM db1.foovs.
SELECT * FROM db2.foo(no explicit schema between db and table)
SELECT * FROM [db1.]default.foovs.
SELECT * FROM [db1.]alternate.foo(no explicit db prefix)
The problem that arises is that former
MySQL users will create multiple databases for one project. In this context, MySQL databases are analogous in function to Postgres-schemas, insomuch as Postgres lacks off-the-shelf cross-database functionality that MySQL has. Conversely,
PostgreSQL has applied more of the specification implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then left room for future cross-database functionality.
MySQL aliases schema with database behind the scenes, such that
CREATE SCHEMAand
CREATE DATABASEare analogs. It can therefore be said that MySQL has implemented cross-table functionality, skipped schema functionality entirely, and provided similar functionality into their implementation of a
database. In summary, Postgres fully supports schemas but lacks some functionality MySQL has with databases, while MySQL does not even attempt to support true schemas.
Oracle has its own spin where creating a user is synonymous with creating a schema. Thus a database administrator can create a user called PROJECT and then create a table PROJECT.TABLE. Users can exist without schema objects, but an object is always associated
with an owner (though that owner may not have privileges to connect to the database). With the Oracle 'shared-everything' RAC architecture, the same database can be opened by multiple servers concurrently. This is independent of replication, which can also
be used, whereby the data is copied for use by different server. In the Oracle view, the 'database' is a set of files which contains the data while the 'instance' is a set of processes (and memory) through which a database is accessed.
Informix supports multiple databases in a server instance, like MySQL. It supports the CREATE SCHEMA syntax as a way to group DDL statements into a single unit creating all objects created as a part of the schema as a single owner. Informix supports a database
mode called ANSI mode which supports creating objects with the same name but owned by different users.
The end result is confusion between the database factions. The Postgres and Oracle communities maintain that one database is all that is needed for one project, per the definition of database. MySQL and Informix proponents maintain that schemas have no legitimate
purpose when the functionality can be achieved with databases. Postgres adheres to the SQL specification, in a more intuitive fashion (bottom-up), while MySQL’s
pragmatic counterargument allows their users to get the job done while creating conceptual confusion.
See also
List of relational database management systemsComparison of object-relational database management systems
Comparison of database tools
Object Database - some of which have relational (SQL/ODBC) interfaces.
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