java.lang.LinkageError: loader constraint violation

java.lang.LinkageError: loader constraint violation 

是由于容器提供的包和web应用引入的包冲突引起的。 

通过maven排除重复引用后解决。具体参见以下指引： 

your application has a JAR file, which is already part the JVM or Servlet Container, in it's WEB-INF/lib folder (or WAR file) 
and the version of the JAR files is different to that of the JVM or Servlet Container 
JAR files you should never include in your web-app 
As a rule, the following jar files should never be part of your webapp: 

j2ee.jar - interfaces are implemented by Tomcat

jasper-*.jar - causes Exceptions, or will do when version of Tomcat is upgraded

jboss.jar - part of jboss - should not be part of your app

jsp-api.jar - causes Exceptions, or will do when version of Tomcat is upgraded

gwt-user.jar - contains javax.servlet.Servlet, so gets ignored by Tomcat

gwt-dev-linux.jar - contains javax.servlet.Servlet, so gets ignored by Tomcat

gwt-dev-windows.jar - contains javax.servlet.Servlet, so gets ignored by Tomcat

rt.jar - not sure why you would, but some have...

servlet-api.jar - this is really old too, switch to compiling with j2ee.jar

servlet.jar - this is really old too, switch to compiling with j2ee.jar

tools.jar - part of VM

You may require these for compiling your app (notably servlet-api.jar or j2ee.jar), but they should not be deployed as part of your webapp. 

jsp-api.jar and/or jasper-*.jar 
Including these files will cause the following exceptions: 

javax.servlet.ServletException: loader constraint violation: when resolving method "org.apache.jasper.compiler.JspRuntimeContext... 
java.lang.LinkageError: loader constraint violation: when resolving method "org.apache.jasper.compiler.JspRuntimeContext... 
If these aren't thrown when deploying your app, they most likely will be when the version of Tomcat is next updated. By chance, you might be using
exactly the same version as the container. They already exist in the container though, so remove them to save yourself future pain. 

servlet-api.jar - the most common mistakenly included JAR 
Many developers incorrectly include servlet-api.jar in their WEB-INF/lib folder. This no longer causes an exception because Tomcat and other app servers
will recognize it as a problem when deploying the JAR file. However, it does cause the container to ignore any JAR file that contains the javax/servlet/Servlet.class. In this case, you will see the following warning in the system log: 
INFO: validateJarFile(/path/app/WEB-INF/lib/servlet-api.jar) - jar not loaded. See Servlet Spec 2.3, section 9.7.2. Offending class: javax/servlet/Servlet

注：web container 和 jvm 已经提供了一些包，而这些包你不需要再提供，否则可能因为版本的问题引起错误 。。
更新：引入servlet依赖，并把其scope设置为provided。。。
如下：<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>2.5</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>