Linux-2.6.32.2内核在mini2440上的移植(四)---根文件系统制作(2)

移植环境(红色粗字体字为修改后内容，蓝色粗体字为特别注意内容)

1，主机环境：VMare下CentOS 5.5 ，1G内存。

2，集成开发环境：Elipse IDE

3，编译编译环境：arm-linux-gcc v4.4.3，arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc v4.5.1。

4，开发板：mini2440，2M nor flash，128M nand flash。

5，u-boot版本：u-boot-2009.08

6，linux 版本：linux-2.6.32.2

7，参考文章：

嵌入式linux应用开发完全手册，韦东山，编著。
Mini2440 之Linux 移植开发实战指南
http://linux.chinaunix.net/techdoc/system/2009/08/24/1131864.shtml
接上篇，问题的解决

解题思路：用tar 压缩我自己做的rootfs根文件系统打包， 这个系统是可以启动到NFS的,所以东西是全的。然后用nand flash 工具将nand flash的mtdblock3分区格式化后挂载，再将打包的rootfs下所有子目录和文件解压到此分区。

【4】挂载分区测试

按照之前内核引导参数的设定方式，将u-boot的bootgars参数设为nfs启动

[root@mini2440 /]#mount -t yaffs /dev/mtdblock1 /mnt/yaffs

yaffs: dev is 32505857 name is "mtdblock1" rw

yaffs: passed flags ""

mount: mounting /dev/mtdblock1 on /mnt/yaffs failed: Invalid argument

[root@mini2440 /]#mount -t yaffs /dev/mtdblock0 /mnt/yaffs

yaffs: dev is 32505856 name is "mtdblock0" rw

yaffs: passed flags ""

mount: mounting /dev/mtdblock0 on /mnt/yaffs failed: Invalid argument

[root@mini2440 /]#umount /mnt/yaffs

[root@mini2440 /]#mount -t yaffs /dev/mtdblock2 /mnt/yaffs

yaffs: dev is 32505858 name is "mtdblock2" rw

yaffs: passed flags ""

[root@mini2440 /]#ls -a /mnt/yaffs

. .. lost+found

[root@mini2440 /]#umount /mnt/yaffs

[root@mini2440 /]#mount -t yaffs /dev/mtdblock3 /mnt/yaffs

yaffs: dev is 32505859 name is "mtdblock3" rw

yaffs: passed flags ""

[root@mini2440 /]#ls -a /mnt/yaffs

. .. lost+found

[root@mini2440 /]#cat proc/mtd

dev: size erasesize name

mtd0: 00040000 00020000 "boot"

mtd1: 00020000 00020000 "param"

mtd2: 00500000 00020000 "kernel"

mtd3: 07aa0000 00020000 "rootfs"

mtd4: 08000000 00020000 "nand"

[root@mini2440 /]#

根据挂载的反馈信息，可以确定mtdblock0和mtdblock1分别是u-boot和其参数的分区而不能够被挂载，mtdblock2和mtdblock3分别是内核kernel和根文件系统rootfs分区能够被挂载。虽然成功挂载了yaffs文件系统，但不能从中读取因存在的文件信息。

【5】制作在nand flash操作工具mtd-utils工具

参考文章

mtd-utils工具的编译和使用

mtd-utils 及 i-utils 交叉编译

mtd-utils交叉编译

UBI文件系统简介

在ubuntu 10.04上交叉编译编译 mtd-utils

交叉编译libz, lzo, mtd-utils的脚本

对于mtd-utils工具的编译，可谓是费了不少周折，着重参考了上面几篇文章，可以用以下两种办法来解决其libz,lzo,uuid库的依赖问题

<1>手动安装mtd-utils所需要的库

A ，下载源代码：

zlib和lzo是编译mtd-utils所需库文件，需提前交叉编译完成，以供mtd-utils编译时调用

zlib：

http://www.zlib.net/zlib-1.2.5.tar.gz

http://www.dnaphp.com/downloads/server/linux/30-zlib-1-2-5-tar

lzo：

http://www.oberhumer.com/opensource/lzo/download/，这里下载是lzo-2.05.tar.gz

E2fsprogs：

http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/，这里下载的是e2fsprogs-1.41.14.tar.gz

mtd-utils：

ftp://ftp.infradead.org/p /mtd-utils/

下载后

[root@localhost linux-test]# cd mtdtools

[root@localhost mtdtools]# ls

e2fsprogs-1.41.14.tar.gz mtd-utils-1.4.4.tar.bz2

lzo-2.05.tar.gz zlib-1.2.5.tar.gz

可以在打开的页面中下载最新版本，分别对其进行解压

[root@localhost mtdtools]# tar -zxf zlib-1.2.5.tar.gz

[root@localhost mtdtools]# tar -zxf lzo-2.05.tar.gz

[root@localhost mtdtools]# tar -jxf mtd-utils-1.4.4.tar.bz2 -C ./

B，编译安装zlib

[root@localhost linux-test]# cd zlib-1.2.5

[root@localhost zlib-1.2.5]#CC=arm-linux-gcc ./configure --enable-static --disable-shared --prefix=/usr/local/arm/4.4.3/arm-none-linux-gnueabi

[root@localhost zlib-1.2.5]# make

[root@localhost zlib-1.2.5]# make install

检查： zconf.h 和 libz.a 都安装到了工具链目录.

其中-prefix指定zlib的安装路径，需要指定到交叉编译器所在路径，而且是与命令执行的bin文件夹同一级别的目录下而非软连接的bin目录！

C，编译安装lzo

[root@localhost zlib-1.2.5]# cd ../lzo-2.05

[root@localhost lzo-2.05]#CC=arm-linux-gcc ./configure --host=arm-linux --enable-static --disable-shared --prefix=/usr/local/arm/4.4.3/arm-none-linux-gnueabi

[root@localhost lzo-2.05]# make

[root@localhost lzo-2.05]# make install

检查：liblzo2.a 已经拷贝到工具链的lib目录.

解决错误现象：error: lzo/lzo1x.h: No s h file or director

D，编译安装e2fsprogs

配置e2fsprogs

[root@localhost e2fsprogs-1.41.14]#CC=arm-linux-gcc ./configure --host=arm-linux --prefix=/usr/local/arm/4.4.3/arm-none-linux-gnueabi

编译

[root@localhost e2fsprogs-1.41.14]# make

安装，因为我们只需要 uuid 库, 所以不需要完全安装, 查看 Makefile文件, 所以只执行make install-libs

[root@localhost e2fsprogs-1.41.14]# make install-libs

检查，可以在工具链目录看到, uuid/uuid.h 文件已经安装. libuuid.a 已经安装.

解决错误现象：uuid/uuid.h: No s h file or directory

E，编译安装mtd-uitls

进入到mtd-uitls目录所在的目录，在make时需要指定交叉编译工具

[root@localhost lzo-2.05]# cd ../mtd-utils-1.4.4

[root@localhost mtd-utils-1.4.4]# mkdir mtd_install

[root@localhost mtd-utils-1.4.4]# export CROSS=arm-linux-

[root@localhost mtd-utils-1.4.4]# export WITHOUT_XATTR=1

[root@localhost mtd-utils-1.4.4]# export DESTDIR=./mtd_install

需要指定WITHOUT_XATTR=1 是由于在编译 mkfs.jffs2使其不调用acl.h而是用zlib的库，否则出现

sys/acl.h:mkfs.jffs2.c:69:21: error: sys/acl.h: No s h file or directory



直接编译：

make

make install

检查1：mtdtools/mtd-utils-1.4.4/arm-linux(即所指定的CROSS)目录已经拷贝了所有mtd-utils的工具.

检查2：file flash_erase

flash_erase: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV),
dynamically linked (uses shared libs),
not stripped



上面信息有两点要注意， 第一是使用静态/动态库，第二是没有striped/not triped。

这里strip是用来去除编译出来的命令中的debug信息的。

如果file出的信息是dynamically linked 和stripped
，那么要在目标板上执行此程序，需要将编译器的lib目录下所有库文件复制到目标板的lib目录下，如果不想使用库文件，就要编译成静态链接方式：

查看mtd-utils-1.4.4的common.mk 文件，发现有 CFLAGS ?= -O2 -g 编译选项。

所以再加上一个选项：

export CFLAGS="-static -O2 -g"

重新运行make 和 make install 后发现

file flash_erase

flash_erase: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV),
dynamically linked (uses shared libs),
not stripped

遗留问题1

显然采用-static方式编译后，仍然是动态链接方式，这个问题目前也是悬而未决。

目前也只能采用复制库的方式。

F，去掉调试信息：

在当前目录的mtd_intall/usr/sbin下运行

arm-linux-strip * //注意*前面有一空格

再次检查：file flash_erase

flash_erase: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV),
dynamically linked (uses shared libs),
stripped

完成, 编译出来的工具如： flash_eraseall, ubimkvol, ubiattach 等都可以独立运行而不需要链接库文件。

下面是有关trip一些用法：

strip经常用来去除目标文件中的一些符号表、调试符号表信息，以减小程序的大小，在rpmbuild包的最后就用到。

其支持的选项如下：

>strip -h

用法：strip <选项> 输入文件

从文件中删除符号和节

选项为：

-I --input-target=<bfdname> Assume input file is in format <bfdname>

-O --output-target=<bfdname> Create an output file in format <bfdname>

-F --target=<bfdname> Set both input and output format to <bfdname>

-p --preserve-dates Copy modified/access timestamps to the output

-R --remove-section=<name> Remove section <name> from the output

-s --strip-all Remove all symbol and relocation information

-g -S -d --strip-debug Remove all debugging symbols & sections

--strip-unneeded Remove all symbols not needed by relocations

--only-keep-debug Strip everything but the debug information

-N --strip-symbol=<name> Do not copy symbol <name>

-K --keep-symbol=<name> Do not strip symbol <name>

--keep-file-symbols Do not strip file symbol(s)

-w --wildcard Permit wildcard in symbol comparison

-x --discard-all Remove all non-global symbols

-X --discard-locals Remove any compiler-generated symbols

-v --verbose List all object files modified

-V --version Display this program's version number

-h --help Display this output

--info List object formats & architectures supported

-o <file> Place stripped output into <file>

strip：支持的目标： elf32-i386 a.out-i386-linux efi-app-ia32 elf32-little elf32-big elf64-alpha ecoff-littlealpha elf64-little elf64-big elf32-littlearm elf32-bigarm elf32-hppa-linux elf32-hppa elf64-ia64-little elf64-ia64-big efi-app-ia64 elf32-m68k a.out-m68k-linux
elf32-powerpc aixcoff-rs6000 elf32-powerpcle ppcboot elf64-powerpc elf64-powerpcle aixcoff64-rs6000 elf32-s390 elf64-s390 elf32-sparc a.out-sparc-linux elf64-sparc a.out-sunos-big elf64-x86-64 pe-i386 pei-i386 srec symbolsrec tekhex binary ihex trad-core

目标文件分为：可重定位文件、可执行文件、共享文件

strip的默认选项会去除.symbol节的内容以及.debug节的内容，因此尽量只对可执行文件执行strip而不要对静态库或动态库等目标文件strip。

可见无论是静态库(libxxx.a)还是动态库(libxxx.so)还是可执行文件(如test)，去掉一些符号信息后都减小了很多，但如果这时再链接这两个库的话是编不过的，因此，如果不是指定特殊的strip选项的话，还是尽量不要对库文件strip，只对链接后的可执行文件strip就可以了(如果也不调试)。

<2>制作脚本文件，使其自动生成mtd-utils工具。

A，在mtdtools目录下新建一个文件mtdtools_build.sh,将下面内容复制其中，此文件我在GuoWenxue博主的基础上做了一些改动经过调试运行完成。

#!/bin/sh

#+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

#|decription: This shell script is used to download lzo,zlib,e2fsporgs,

#| mtd-utils source code and cross compile it for ARM Linux,

#| all is static cross compile.

#| Author: GuoWenxue <guowenxue@gmail.com>

#| Modified: singleboy <singleboy@163.com>

#| ChangeLog:

#| 1, Initialize 1.0.1 on 2011.06.16

#+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

PRJ_PATH=`pwd`

#CROSS=arm-linux-

CROSS=arm-none-linux-gnueabi-

#COMPILER_PATH=/usr/local/arm/4.4.3/arm-none-linux-gnueabi

#COMPILER_PATH=/usr/local/CodeSourcery/Sourcery_G++_Lite/arm-none-linux-gnueabi

CC=${CROSS}gcc

AR=${CROSS}ar

LD=${CROSS}ld

STRIP=${CROSS}strip

NM=${CROSS}nm

RANLIB=${CROSS}ranlib

OBJDUMP=${CROSS}objdump

export CC=${CC}

export AR=${AR}

export LD=${LD}

export STRIP=${STRIP}

export NM=${NM}

export RANLIB=${RANLIB}

export OBJDUMP=${OBJDUMP}

LZO="lzo-2.05"

ZLIB="zlib-1.2.5"

E2FSPROGS="e2fsprogs"

function decompress_packet()

(

echo "+----------------------------------------+"

echo "| Decompress $1 now"

echo "+----------------------------------------+"

if [ `ls $1 | grep "tar.bz2"` ] ; then

set -x

tar -xjf $1

set +x

fi

if [ `ls $1 | grep "tar.gz"` ] ; then

set -x

tar -xzf $1

set +x

fi

)

echo "+----------------------------------------+"

echo "| Cross compile $ZLIB now "

echo "+----------------------------------------+"

# Download zlib source code packet

if [ ! -s $ZLIB.tar* ] ; then

#wget http://www.zlib.net/$ZLIB.tar.gz

wget http://www.imagemagick.org/download/delegates/$ZLIB.tar.bz2

fi

# Decompress zlib source code packet

if [ ! -d $ZLIB ] ; then

decompress_packet $ZLIB.tar.*

fi

#Cross compile zlib

cd $ZLIB

echo "first clean the middle object files befor compiling in case of incompatible compiled error"

make clean

if [ ! -s libz.a ] ; then

unset LDFLAGS

./configure --static

make

fi

cd -

echo "+----------------------------------------+"

echo "| Cross compile $LZO now "

echo "+----------------------------------------+"

# Download lzo source code packet

if [ ! -s $LZO.tar.gz ] ; then

wget http://www.oberhumer.com/opensource/lzo/download/$LZO.tar.gz

fi

# Decompress lzo source code packet

if [ ! -d $LZO ] ; then

decompress_packet $LZO.tar.*

fi

# Cross compile lzo

cd $LZO

echo "first clean the middle object files befor compiling in case of incompatible compiled error"

make clean

if [ ! -s src/.libs/liblzo*.a ] ; then

unset LDFLAGS

./configure --host=arm-linux --enable-static --disable-shared \

CC=${CROSS}gcc AR=${AR} LD=${LD} \

NM=${NM} RANLIB=${RANLIB} STRIP="${STRIP}" OBJDUMP=${OBJDUMP}

make

fi

cd -

echo "+----------------------------------------+"

echo "| Cross compile $E2FSPROGS now "

echo "+----------------------------------------+"

# Download e2fsprogs source code packet

if [ ! -s $E2FSPROGS.tar* ] ; then

#wget http://cdnetworks-kr-1.dl.sourceforge.net/project/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs/1.41.14/e2fsprogs-1.41.14.tar.gz

git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git

fi

# Decompress e2fsprogs source code packet

if [ ! -d $E2FSPROGS ] ; then

decompress_packet $E2FSPROGS.tar.*

fi

#Cross compile e2fsprogs

cd $E2FSPROGS

# echo "first make clean the middle object files"

echo "first clean the middle object files befor compiling in case of incompatible compiled error"

# make clean

if [ ! -s libuuid.a ] ; then

unset LDFLAGS

./configure --host=arm-linux --enable-static --disable-shared \

CC=${CROSS}gcc AR=${AR} LD=${LD} \

NM=${NM} RANLIB=${RANLIB} STRIP="${STRIP}" OBJDUMP=${OBJDUMP}

make

fi

cd -

echo "+----------------------------------------+"

echo "| Cross compile mtd-utils now "

echo "+----------------------------------------+"

if [ -s mtd-utils.tar.* ] ; then

decompress_packet mtd-utils.tar.*

fi

# download mtd-utils source code

if [ ! -d mtd-utils ] ; then

git clone git://git.infradead.org/mtd-utils.git

fi

#Add the CROSS tool in file mtd-utils/common.mk

#head -1 mtd-utils/common.mk | grep "CROSS=${CROSS}"

#if [ 0 != $? ] ; then

# echo "Modify file mtd-utils/common.mk"

# sed -i -e 1i"CROSS=${CROSS}" mtd-utils/common.mk

#fi

cd mtd-utils

echo "first clean the middle object files befor compiling in case of incompatible compiled error"

make clean

unset LDFLAGS

export CFLAGS="-DWITHOUT_XATTR -I$PRJ_PATH/$ZLIB -I$PRJ_PATH/$LZO/include -I$PRJ_PATH/$E2FSPROGS/lib/"

export ZLIBLDFLAGS=-L$PRJ_PATH/$ZLIB

export LZOLDFLAGS=-L$PRJ_PATH/$LZO/src/.libs

export E2FSPROGSLDFLAGS=-L$PRJ_PATH/$E2FSPROGS/lib

export LDFLAGS=-static

make CROSS=${CROSS}

echo "now build the mtd-utils tools directory to install"

if [ ! -d usrdir ] ; then

mkdir usrdir

echo "the directory to install is usrdir"

fi

make CROSS=${CROSS} DESTDIR=./usrdir install

# remove the debug infomation with trip command

# BUILDDIR=${CROSS%-}

# echo "now entering ${BUILDDIR} ..."

# cd ${BUILDDIR}

echo "now entering the directory usrdir/usr/sbin"

cd usrdir/usr/sbin

echo "now remove the debug infomation with trip command"

${CROSS}strip *

file *

echo "now the mtd-utils has been made completely and you can copy the tools in ./usrdir/usr/sbin/ to your target directory/usr/sbin/"

cd -

cd -

遗留问题2
说明，这个脚本arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc v 4.5.1版本中执行成功，但是在arm-linux-gcc(arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc v4.4.3)没有执行成功，出现“Unknown mandatory EABI object attribute 44”错误，目前还未查清原因。

以下是脚本在v4.5.1版本运行的部分信息：

[root@localhost mtdtools]#./mtdtools_build.sh

... ...

now entering the directory usrdir/usr/sbin

now remove the debug infomation with trip command

arm-none-linux-gnueabi-strip:flash_eraseall: File format not recognized

docfdisk: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

doc_loadbios: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

flashcp: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

flash_erase: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

flash_eraseall: Bourne shell script text executable

flash_info: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

flash_lock: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

flash_otp_dump: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

flash_otp_info:
ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

flash_unlock: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

ftl_check: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

ftl_format: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

jffs2dump: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

mkfs.jffs2: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

mtd_debug: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

nanddump: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

nandtest: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

nandwrite: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

nftldump: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

nftl_format: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

recv_image: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

rfddump: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

rfdformat: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

serve_image: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

sumtool: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, statically linked, for GNU/Linux 2.6.16, stripped

now the mtd-utils has been made completely and you can copy the tools in ./usrdir/usr/sbin/ to your target directory/usr/sbin/

/root/linux-test/mtdtools/mtd-utils

/root/linux-test/mtdtools/mtd-utils/usrdir/usr/sbin

[root@localhost mtdtools]# ls mtd-utils/arm-none-linux-gnueabi/

compr_lzo.o flash_erase ftl_format nanddump rfddump

compr.o flash_info jffs2dump nandtest rfdformat

compr_rtime.o flash_lock lib nandwrite serve_image

compr_zlib.o flash_otp_dump mkfs.jffs2 nftldump sumtool

docfdisk flash_otp_info mkfs.jffs2.o nftl_format ubi-utils

doc_loadbios flash_unlock mkfs.ubifs rbtree.o

flashcp ftl_check mtd_debug recv_image

[root@localhost mtdtools]#

其中mkfs.ubifs目录中存放的是制作ubifs文件系统映像的工具，ubi-utils目录中存放的是ubifs文件系统的操作工具。

接下来，将回到前面遗留问题即mtdblock分区加载和挂载根目录问题