您的位置:首页 > 运维架构 > Linux

linux内核部件分析(九)——设备驱动模型之device-driver

2011-10-09 00:55 399 查看
前面我们分析了device、driver、bus三种类型,主要是三者的注册与注销,在sysfs中的目录与属性文件创建等内容。本节就来详细分析下,在设备注册到总线上时,总线是如何为其寻找对应的驱动的;在驱动注册到总线上时,总线又是如何为其寻找对应的设备的。

本节的实现代码集中在drivers/base/bus.c和drivers/base/dd.c中。

先来回忆下,在device_register()->device_add()中,先是调用bus_add_device()添加device与bus间的联系,并添加bus为device定义的属性,然后会调用bus_probe_device()。bus_probe_device()会试图为已挂在总线上的该设备寻找对应的驱动。我们的故事就从这里开始。

/**
* bus_probe_device - probe drivers for a new device
* @dev: device to probe
*
* - Automatically probe for a driver if the bus allows it.
*/
void bus_probe_device(struct device *dev)
{
struct bus_type *bus = dev->bus;
int ret;

if (bus && bus->p->drivers_autoprobe) {
ret = device_attach(dev);
WARN_ON(ret < 0);
}
}
bus_probe_device()为总线上的设备寻找驱动。它先是检查bus->p->drivers_autoprobe,看是否允许自动探测。允许了才会调用device_attach()进行实际的寻找工作。

说到bus->p->drivers_autoprobe这个变量,它是在bus_type_private中的,在调用bus_register()前都初始化不了,在bus_register()中自动定为1。所以,除非是用户空间通过drivers_autoprobe属性文件主动禁止,bus总是允许自动探测的,所有的bus都是如此。

/**
* device_attach - try to attach device to a driver.
* @dev: device.
*
* Walk the list of drivers that the bus has and call
* driver_probe_device() for each pair. If a compatible
* pair is found, break out and return.
*
* Returns 1 if the device was bound to a driver;
* 0 if no matching driver was found;
* -ENODEV if the device is not registered.
*
* When called for a USB interface, @dev->parent->sem must be held.
*/
int device_attach(struct device *dev)
{
int ret = 0;

down(&dev->sem);
if (dev->driver) {
ret = device_bind_driver(dev);
if (ret == 0)
ret = 1;
else {
dev->driver = NULL;
ret = 0;
}
} else {
pm_runtime_get_noresume(dev);
ret = bus_for_each_drv(dev->bus, NULL, dev, __device_attach);
pm_runtime_put_sync(dev);
}
up(&dev->sem);
return ret;
}


device_attach()在实际绑定之前,会用dev->sem进行加锁。不错,dev->sem几乎就是为了在设备与驱动绑定或者解除绑定时加锁用的。还没有看到它在其它地方被调用。

如果在调用device_attach()前就已经有了dev->driver(),就调用device_bind_driver()进行绑定,不然还要调用bus_for_each_drv()进行依次匹配。至于pm_runtime_get_noresume之类的函数,属于电源管理部分,我们现在先忽略。

static void driver_bound(struct device *dev)
{
if (klist_node_attached(&dev->p->knode_driver)) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "%s: device %s already bound\n",
__func__, kobject_name(&dev->kobj));
return;
}

pr_debug("driver: '%s': %s: bound to device '%s'\n", dev_name(dev),
__func__, dev->driver->name);

if (dev->bus)
blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev->bus->p->bus_notifier,
BUS_NOTIFY_BOUND_DRIVER, dev);

klist_add_tail(&dev->p->knode_driver, &dev->driver->p->klist_devices);
}

static int driver_sysfs_add(struct device *dev)
{
int ret;

ret = sysfs_create_link(&dev->driver->p->kobj, &dev->kobj,
kobject_name(&dev->kobj));
if (ret == 0) {
ret = sysfs_create_link(&dev->kobj, &dev->driver->p->kobj,
"driver");
if (ret)
sysfs_remove_link(&dev->driver->p->kobj,
kobject_name(&dev->kobj));
}
return ret;
}

static void driver_sysfs_remove(struct device *dev)
{
struct device_driver *drv = dev->driver;

if (drv) {
sysfs_remove_link(&drv->p->kobj, kobject_name(&dev->kobj));
sysfs_remove_link(&dev->kobj, "driver");
}
}

/**
* device_bind_driver - bind a driver to one device.
* @dev: device.
*
* Allow manual attachment of a driver to a device.
* Caller must have already set @dev->driver.
*
* Note that this does not modify the bus reference count
* nor take the bus's rwsem. Please verify those are accounted
* for before calling this. (It is ok to call with no other effort
* from a driver's probe() method.)
*
* This function must be called with @dev->sem held.
*/
int device_bind_driver(struct device *dev)
{
int ret;

ret = driver_sysfs_add(dev);
if (!ret)
driver_bound(dev);
return ret;
}


device_bind_driver()将device与driver绑定。它调用了两个内部函数。

其中drivers_sysfs_add()负责创建sysfs中driver和device指向对方的软链接。还有一个与它相对的函数drivers_sysfs_remove()。

driver_bound()则实际将device加入驱动的设备链表。

因为在调用device_bind_driver()之前就已经设置过dev->driver了,所以这样就将device和driver绑定了。

只是这样好像还缺少了什么,不错,之前看到driver时曾定义了drv->probe函数,bus->probe也有类似的功能,这里只是绑定,却没有调用probe函数。

让我们回过头来,继续看如果device_attach()中没有定义dev->driver会怎么样,是用bus_for_each_drv()对bus的驱动链表进行遍历,遍历函数使用__device_attach。

static int __device_attach(struct device_driver *drv, void *data)
{
struct device *dev = data;

if (!driver_match_device(drv, dev))
return 0;

return driver_probe_device(drv, dev);
}
不要小看了__device_attach(),就是在__device_attach()中既完成了匹配工作,又完成了绑定工作。bus_for_each_drv()在遍历中,如果遍历函数返回值不为0,则遍历结束。所以在__device_attach()找到并绑定了适合的驱动,就会返回1停止遍历,否则继续遍历剩余的驱动。

先来看匹配工作,这是在driver_match_device()中完成的。

static inline int driver_match_device(struct device_driver *drv,
struct device *dev)
{
return drv->bus->match ? drv->bus->match(dev, drv) : 1;
}
原来driver_match_device()实际是调用drv->bus->match()来完成设备和驱动的匹配的。其实这也是理所当然。因为总线不同,总线规范设备、厂商、类设备等定义的规格都不同,也只有bus亲自主持匹配工作。再具体的就只能等分析具体总线的时候了。

int driver_probe_device(struct device_driver *drv, struct device *dev)
{
int ret = 0;

if (!device_is_registered(dev))
return -ENODEV;

pr_debug("bus: '%s': %s: matched device %s with driver %s\n",
drv->bus->name, __func__, dev_name(dev), drv->name);

pm_runtime_get_noresume(dev);
pm_runtime_barrier(dev);
ret = really_probe(dev, drv);
pm_runtime_put_sync(dev);

return ret;
}
如果driver_match_device()匹配成功了,__device_attach()就会继续调用driver_probe_devices()完成绑定。但driver_probe_devices()又是调用really_probe()完成的。

static atomic_t probe_count = ATOMIC_INIT(0);
static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(probe_waitqueue);

static int really_probe(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)
{
int ret = 0;

atomic_inc(&probe_count);
pr_debug("bus: '%s': %s: probing driver %s with device %s\n",
drv->bus->name, __func__, drv->name, dev_name(dev));
WARN_ON(!list_empty(&dev->devres_head));

dev->driver = drv;
if (driver_sysfs_add(dev)) {
printk(KERN_ERR "%s: driver_sysfs_add(%s) failed\n",
__func__, dev_name(dev));
goto probe_failed;
}

if (dev->bus->probe) {
ret = dev->bus->probe(dev);
if (ret)
goto probe_failed;
} else if (drv->probe) {
ret = drv->probe(dev);
if (ret)
goto probe_failed;
}

driver_bound(dev);
ret = 1;
pr_debug("bus: '%s': %s: bound device %s to driver %s\n",
drv->bus->name, __func__, dev_name(dev), drv->name);
goto done;

probe_failed:
devres_release_all(dev);
driver_sysfs_remove(dev);
dev->driver = NULL;

if (ret != -ENODEV && ret != -ENXIO) {
/* driver matched but the probe failed */
printk(KERN_WARNING
"%s: probe of %s failed with error %d\n",
drv->name, dev_name(dev), ret);
}
/*
* Ignore errors returned by ->probe so that the next driver can try
* its luck.
*/
ret = 0;
done:
atomic_dec(&probe_count);
wake_up(&probe_waitqueue);
return ret;
}


really_probe()完成的绑定工作和device_bind_driver()差不多,只是它还会调用bus->probe或者drv->probe中定义的probe函数。

至于在really_probe()中使用probe_count保护,最后调用wake_up(&probe_waitqueue),都是为了进行同步。

/**
* driver_probe_done
* Determine if the probe sequence is finished or not.
*
* Should somehow figure out how to use a semaphore, not an atomic variable...
*/
int driver_probe_done(void)
{
pr_debug("%s: probe_count = %d\n", __func__,
atomic_read(&probe_count));
if (atomic_read(&probe_count))
return -EBUSY;
return 0;
}

/**
* wait_for_device_probe
* Wait for device probing to be completed.
*/
void wait_for_device_probe(void)
{
/* wait for the known devices to complete their probing */
wait_event(probe_waitqueue, atomic_read(&probe_count) == 0);
async_synchronize_full();
}
driver_probe_done()检查当前是否有设备正在绑定驱动。

wait_for_device_probe()会阻塞到所有的设备绑定完驱动。

关于bus_probe_device()的过程就分析到这里,下面来看下bus_add_driver()又是怎样做的。

之前我们已经知道driver_register()把绝大部分操作都移到了bus_add_driver()中来。其中只有一点和设备与驱动的绑定相关,就是对driver_attach()的调用。

int driver_attach(struct device_driver *drv)
{
return bus_for_each_dev(drv->bus, NULL, drv, __driver_attach);
}
driver_attach()一如device_attach,只是这里是对总线的设备链表进行遍历,使用的遍历函数是__driver_attach()。

static int __driver_attach(struct device *dev, void *data)
{
struct device_driver *drv = data;

/*
* Lock device and try to bind to it. We drop the error
* here and always return 0, because we need to keep trying
* to bind to devices and some drivers will return an error
* simply if it didn't support the device.
*
* driver_probe_device() will spit a warning if there
* is an error.
*/

if (!driver_match_device(drv, dev))
return 0;

if (dev->parent)	/* Needed for USB */
down(&dev->parent->sem);
down(&dev->sem);
if (!dev->driver)
driver_probe_device(drv, dev);
up(&dev->sem);
if (dev->parent)
up(&dev->parent->sem);

return 0;
}
在__driver_attach()中,driver_match_device()就不说了,它是调到bus->match去的。

然后依然是加锁,调用driver_probe_device()函数。这就与__device_attach()的路径一致了。

不要以为就这样结束了,现在我们只是看到了把device和driver绑定到一起的方法,却没有看到解除绑定的方法。

既然绑定的方法是在设备和驱动注册的时候调用的,那解除绑定自然是在设备或驱动注销的时候。

还是先来看设备的,device_unregister()->device_del()会调用bus_remove_device()将设备从总线上删除。

bus_remove_device()是与bus_add_device()相对的,但也不仅如此,它还调用了device_release_driver()来解除与driver的绑定。

/**
* device_release_driver - manually detach device from driver.
* @dev: device.
*
* Manually detach device from driver.
* When called for a USB interface, @dev->parent->sem must be held.
*/
void device_release_driver(struct device *dev)
{
/*
* If anyone calls device_release_driver() recursively from
* within their ->remove callback for the same device, they
* will deadlock right here.
*/
down(&dev->sem);
__device_release_driver(dev);
up(&dev->sem);
}

/*
* __device_release_driver() must be called with @dev->sem held.
* When called for a USB interface, @dev->parent->sem must be held as well.
*/
static void __device_release_driver(struct device *dev)
{
struct device_driver *drv;

drv = dev->driver;
if (drv) {
pm_runtime_get_noresume(dev);
pm_runtime_barrier(dev);

driver_sysfs_remove(dev);

if (dev->bus)
blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev->bus->p->bus_notifier,
BUS_NOTIFY_UNBIND_DRIVER,
dev);

if (dev->bus && dev->bus->remove)
dev->bus->remove(dev);
else if (drv->remove)
drv->remove(dev);
devres_release_all(dev);
dev->driver = NULL;
klist_remove(&dev->p->knode_driver);
if (dev->bus)
blocking_notifier_call_chain(&dev->bus->p->bus_notifier,
BUS_NOTIFY_UNBOUND_DRIVER,
dev);

pm_runtime_put_sync(dev);
}
}
device_release_driver()还是负责加加锁,实际的工作由__device_release_driver()来完成。

除了sysfs和结构中解除绑定的操作,还调用了bus->remove或者driver->remove。

虽然device注销时与driver解除绑定很简单,但driver注销要与device解除绑定就要复杂一些,因为它要与设备链表上所有的设备解除绑定。

在driver_unregister()->bus_remove_driver()中,调用了driver_detach()函数。

/**
* driver_detach - detach driver from all devices it controls.
* @drv: driver.
*/
void driver_detach(struct device_driver *drv)
{
struct device_private *dev_prv;
struct device *dev;

for (;;) {
spin_lock(&drv->p->klist_devices.k_lock);
if (list_empty(&drv->p->klist_devices.k_list)) {
spin_unlock(&drv->p->klist_devices.k_lock);
break;
}
dev_prv = list_entry(drv->p->klist_devices.k_list.prev,
struct device_private,
knode_driver.n_node);
dev = dev_prv->device;
get_device(dev);
spin_unlock(&drv->p->klist_devices.k_lock);

if (dev->parent)	/* Needed for USB */
down(&dev->parent->sem);
down(&dev->sem);
if (dev->driver == drv)
__device_release_driver(dev);
up(&dev->sem);
if (dev->parent)
up(&dev->parent->sem);
put_device(dev);
}
}
可以看到,driver_detach()基本操作就是与设备链表上的设备解除绑定。等了这么久,终于有个有点意思的地方。一看这个drv的设备链表遍历,首先明明是klist,却没使用标准的循环函数,奇怪,然后发现竟然没有将设备卸下链表的地方,更奇怪。其实再一想就明白了。你看到list_entry()中,是从设备链表末尾取设备解除绑定的,这是驱动生怕前面的设备解除绑定了,后面的就不工作了。也正是因为klist遍历是逆向的,所以无法使用标准函数。至于将设备卸下链表的地方,是在__device_release_driver()中。

或许会奇怪这里为什么会有get_device()和put_device()的操作。这是为了防止设备一取下链表,就会释放最后一个引用计数,导致直接注销。那时候的情况,一定是在占用了dev->sem的同时去等待dev->sem,通俗来说就是死锁。

通过driver_attach()和driver_detach()的训练,我们已经习惯在为设备加锁时,顺便为其父设备加锁。虽然在device_attach()和device_release_driver()中只是对设备本身加锁。或许是害怕在驱动与设备解除绑定的过程中,父设备突然也要解除绑定,导致不一致状态。为至于为什么设备方主动要求时不需要对父设备加锁,或许是设备的主动申请更靠谱,不会在子设备绑定或释放的同时,父设备也申请释放。总之,在linux看来,设备恐怕比驱动还要靠谱一些,从driver和bus的引用计数,从这里的加锁情况,都可以看出一二。

void *dev_get_drvdata(const struct device *dev)
{
if (dev && dev->p)
return dev->p->driver_data;
return NULL;
}

void dev_set_drvdata(struct device *dev, void *data)
{
int error;

if (!dev)
return;
if (!dev->p) {
error = device_private_init(dev);
if (error)
return;
}
dev->p->driver_data = data;
}
最后的dev_set_drvdata()是在dev->p->driver_data中存放驱动定义的数据。dev_get_drvdata()是获取这个数据。

不要 小看这个device_private结构中小小的driver_data,在驱动编写中总能派上大用场。当然也不是说没有driver_data就过不下去,毕竟驱动可以定义一个自己的device结构,并把通用的struct device内嵌其中,然后想放多少数据都行。可那样太麻烦,许多驱动都要专门设置这样一个变量,索性加到通用的数据结构中。而且是直接加到device_private中,眼不见为净,方便省事。

/**
* device_reprobe - remove driver for a device and probe for a new driver
* @dev: the device to reprobe
*
* This function detaches the attached driver (if any) for the given
* device and restarts the driver probing process.  It is intended
* to use if probing criteria changed during a devices lifetime and
* driver attachment should change accordingly.
*/
int device_reprobe(struct device *dev)
{
if (dev->driver) {
if (dev->parent)        /* Needed for USB */
down(&dev->parent->sem);
device_release_driver(dev);
if (dev->parent)
up(&dev->parent->sem);
}
return bus_rescan_devices_helper(dev, NULL);
}
device_reprobe()显然是dev对之前的驱动不满意,要新绑定一个。

static int __must_check bus_rescan_devices_helper(struct device *dev,
void *data)
{
int ret = 0;

if (!dev->driver) {
if (dev->parent)	/* Needed for USB */
down(&dev->parent->sem);
ret = device_attach(dev);
if (dev->parent)
up(&dev->parent->sem);
}
return ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
}
bus_rescan_devices_helper()就是用来绑定新驱动的内部函数。

我们终于成功完成了对dd.c的分析,并将bus.c剩余的部分结了尾。想必大家已经充分领略了device、driver和bus的铁三角结构,下节我们将进入设备驱动模型的另一方天地。
内容来自用户分享和网络整理,不保证内容的准确性,如有侵权内容,可联系管理员处理 点击这里给我发消息
标签: